quiz 5

Question 1

temperament

Answer 1

consistent individual differences in emotionality as a result of genetically inherited characteristics

Question 2

personality

Answer 2

a consistent way of behaving as a result of the interaction between temperament and social experience

Question 3

personality traits

Answer 3

consistency in a specific set of behaviors across time and across relevant situations
- relationship among different behavioral habits

Question 4

five-factor model

Answer 4

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
- costa and mccrae

Question 5

sensation seeking

Answer 5

seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations

- willingness to take risks for the sake of experience

Question 6

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 6

brain enzyme that is a marker for sensation seeking

Question 7

behavioral genetics

Answer 7

science of the genetic inheritance of biological traits that are relevant to behavior
- assumption: intricate structures and components of the brain and nervous system are genetically transmitted

Question 8

trait-environment interaction

Answer 8

how a person reacts to the environment depends on the amount of a particular trait she possesses

Question 9

trait-environment correlation

Answer 9

traits and environments are associated in their effects on behavior
- personality traits determine the situations a person chooses or alters

Question 10

channeling hypothesis

Answer 10

personality traits channel or convey how psychological motives are represented and satisifed

Question 11

selection hypothesis

Answer 11

an individual’s personality determines the type of contact sought with members of other groups

Question 12

reinforcers

Answer 12

encourages learning what to do

- makes behaviors more likely to occur

Question 13

punishers

Answer 13

encourages learning what not to do

- select against behaviors and make them less likely to occur

Question 14

incentives

Answer 14

external stimuli that motivate or induce behavior to occur

Question 15

positive incentive

Answer 15

motivates the behavior that is instrumental in attaining the incentive

Question 16

negative incentive

Answer 16

motivate avoidance behavior to prevent the incentive from happening

Question 17

incentive value

Answer 17

attractiveness of an incentive and is based on objective properties like the number or the amount

Question 18

utility

Answer 18

satisfaction, pleasure, or usefulness of an economic good

Question 19

fechner’s law

Answer 19

equal increases in stimulus intensity produce smaller and smaller increases in sensations

Question 20

losses loom larger than gains

Answer 20

losses are more dissatisfying than gains are satisfying

Question 21

melioration

Answer 21

shift toward an activity that is more lucrative or provides a greater rate of reinforcement

Question 22

contrast effect

Answer 22

the ability of an incentive to motivate behavior depends on how it differs from prior incentives

Question 23

positive incentive contrast

Answer 23

upward shift in value which increases behavior above what is considered normal

Question 24

negative incentive contrast

Answer 24

downward shift in value which decreases value below what is considered normal

Question 25

law of hedonic contrast

Answer 25

the pleasure a stimulus gives will be greater if it contrasts with sources of lesser pleasure or displeasure

Question 26

delay discounting

Answer 26

a future incentive is represented in the present at a marked-down value
- ex: the value of a saturday night date depends on how far in the future they are, the further away they are the lower their value in present

Question 27

common currency

Answer 27

shared dimension on which decisions are based (monetary value)

Question 28

extrinisic motivation

Answer 28

external source (money, good grades)

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

inherent in the activity

Question 30

allport’s functional autonomy of motives

Answer 30

behavior that began for extrinsic reasons later can be performed for intrinsic reasons

Question 31

effectance motivation

Answer 31

motive to actively interact and control one’s environment

Question 32

cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 32

a person’s intrinsic motivation for a task depends on what is perceived to be the reason for the behavior

Question 33

motivational orientation

Answer 33

being consistently directed toward an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation

Question 34

neuroticism

Answer 34

tendency to experience negative emotions

• high: anxiety, self-consciousness, depression, etc
• low: calm, even-tempered, unemotional

Question 35

extraversion

Answer 35

positive emotions, surgency, and tendency to seek out company of others

• high: activity level, warmth, positive emotions, assertiveness
• low: reserved, quiet, loner

Question 36

openness to experience

Answer 36

general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, and a variety of experience

• high: fantasy, feelings, ideas, values
• low: conventional, uncreative

Question 37

agreeableness

Answer 37

tendency to compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic

• high: straightforwardness. trust, altruism, compliance
• low: aggressive, ruthless, suspicious

Question 38

conscientious

Answer 38

tendency to show self-discipline and aim for achievement

• high: competence, order, achievement striving
• low: lazy, aimless, quitting