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motivation > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

constant conditions maintained in the body

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2
Q

claude bernard

A

hypothesized about homeostasis

discovered that blood vessels constrict/dilate based on temperature

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3
Q

walter cannon

A

continued claude bernard’s work and coined term “homeostasis”

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4
Q

negative feedback system

A

self-correcting process that reduces discrepancy between a desired state and actual state

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5
Q

physiological need

A

discrepancy between set point and actual physiological state

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6
Q

cabanac discovery

A

termed alliesthesia

- allios = changed, ethesia = sensation

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7
Q

alliesthesia

A

changes in a person’s state that determine whether a stimulus is judged as pleasant or unpleasant

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8
Q

thermoreceptors

A

measures actual temperature at many different sites of the body

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9
Q

resting metabolism

A

the use of energy for body maintenance (blood pumping, breathing, etc)

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10
Q

thermic effect

A

energy cost of digesting, storing, and absorbing food

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11
Q

physical activity

A

voluntary movement

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12
Q

energy homeostasis

A

balance between energy intake and various forms of energy expenditure

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13
Q

carrying cost

A

amount of energy required to carry one’s weight

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

monitors body’s energy levels by means of signals received from various hormones

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15
Q

insulin

A

signals the amount of stored body fat

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16
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

released in small intestine after food intake

  • involved in short-term regulation of food energy
  • inhibits eating
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17
Q

leptin

A

released by adipose tissue

  • involved in long-term regulation of energy as registered in adipose tissue or body fat
  • leptin declines as individuals lose weight
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18
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates hunger, eating, and mental images of food

- released into stomach and rises to its highest point before each meal

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19
Q

cephalic responses

A

response to smell and taste of food

- secretion of saliva, gastric juices, and insulin

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20
Q

palatability

A

hedonic value as determined by variety, texture, temperature, aroma, and flavor

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21
Q

sensory-specific satiety

A

decreased liking and consumption of a particular food based on sensory characteristics

22
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

people increase their positive evaluation of a stimulus because of repeated exposures

23
Q

taste aversion

A

strong dislike because of the food’s association with nausea which developed through classical conditioning

24
Q

boundary model of eating

A

herman and polivy

  • if a person drops below the lower boundary (hunger), then they experience aversive feelings of hunger, weakness, and an empty stomach
  • if a person rises above the upper boundary (satiety) then they experience a full stomach
25
Q

refeeding syndrome

A

a result of extreme food deprivation, the body loses its ability to digest and absorb food

26
Q

physiological arousal

A

bodily changes that correspond to our feelings of being energized
- indicate that body is getting ready for action

27
Q

brain arousal

A

activation of brain, ranging from deep sleep to wakefulness to alertness

28
Q

psychological arousal

A

how subjectively aroused an individual feels

  • energetic arousal
  • tense arousal
29
Q

energetic arousal

A

range of feelings from tiredness and sleepiness to alert and awake

30
Q

tense arousal

A

range of feelings from calmness and stillness to tension and anxiety

31
Q

sources of arousal

A

stimuli
collative variables
tasks

32
Q

collative variables

A

stimulus characteristics that include novelty, complexity, and incongruity

33
Q

inverted-u arousal-performance

A

1st hypothesis

- as arousal increases, performance increases, levels off, then decreases

34
Q

second hypothesis in yerkes-dodson law

A

optimal level of arousal changes with the nature of the task being performed

35
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

low arousal produces maximal performance on difficult tasks, and high arousal produces maximal performance on easy tasks

36
Q

zone of optimal functioning hypothesis

A

individual inverted u-curves

37
Q

hull-spence drive theory

A

high-drive participants learned the easy paired associate task faster than did low-drive participants
- high-drive participants learned the difficult paired associate task slower than did low-drive participants

38
Q

cusp catastrophe model

A

there are two types of arousal

  • cognitive anxiety
  • physiological arousal (somatic anxiety)
  • low physiological arousal, increases in cognitive anxiety produce slight improvement in performance
  • high physiological arousal, increases in cognitive anxiety produce decline in performance
39
Q

tonic mobility

A

drop in performance can be so drastic that it is manifested as paralysis

40
Q

cue utilization hypothesis

A

the number of cues or amount of information utilized by a person in any situation tends to decline with an increase in arousal

41
Q

cool memory system

A

localized in hippocampus

- memory of events occurring in space and time (remember location of home and where her car is parked)

42
Q

hot memory system

A

localized in amygdala

- memory of events that occur under high arousal

43
Q

trait anxiety

A

individual difference measure of the disposition to perceive environmental events as threatening and to respond anxiously

44
Q

state anxiety

A

actual feelings of apprehension, worry, and sympathetic nervous system arousal that are evoked by threatening situations

45
Q

processing efficiency theory

A

anxiety expresses itself as worry, which is a preoccupation with evaluation and concerns about performance

46
Q

optimal level of stimulation theory

A

zuckernman

  • every person has an optimal level of stimulation or arousal that is associated with the highest positive affective valence
  • not fixed optimal level
  • optimal level is usually at a moderate level
47
Q

sensory deprivation

A

effects of low levels of stimulation

48
Q

hedonic reversal

A

eventual liking of a stimuli that were initially aversive or feared

49
Q

musical grammar processor

A

brain functions like this

- primitive schema, brain functions works the same way

50
Q

schema incongruity model

A

mandler

- how the degree of incongruity affects the valence and intensity of an emotional reaction

motivation (7 decks)

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