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quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

constant conditions maintained in the body

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2
Q

claude bernard

A

hypothesized about homeostasis

discovered that blood vessels constrict/dilate based on temperature

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3
Q

walter cannon

A

continued claude bernard’s work and coined term “homeostasis”

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4
Q

negative feedback system

A

self-correcting process that reduces discrepancy between a desired state and actual state

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5
Q

physiological need

A

discrepancy between set point and actual physiological state

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6
Q

cabanac discovery

A

termed alliesthesia

- allios = changed, ethesia = sensation

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7
Q

alliesthesia

A

changes in a person’s state that determine whether a stimulus is judged as pleasant or unpleasant

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8
Q

thermoreceptors

A

measures actual temperature at many different sites of the body

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9
Q

resting metabolism

A

the use of energy for body maintenance (blood pumping, breathing, etc)

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10
Q

thermic effect

A

energy cost of digesting, storing, and absorbing food

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11
Q

physical activity

A

voluntary movement

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12
Q

energy homeostasis

A

balance between energy intake and various forms of energy expenditure

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13
Q

carrying cost

A

amount of energy required to carry one’s weight

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

monitors body’s energy levels by means of signals received from various hormones

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15
Q

insulin

A

signals the amount of stored body fat

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16
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

released in small intestine after food intake

  • involved in short-term regulation of food energy
  • inhibits eating
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17
Q

leptin

A

released by adipose tissue

  • involved in long-term regulation of energy as registered in adipose tissue or body fat
  • leptin declines as individuals lose weight
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18
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates hunger, eating, and mental images of food

- released into stomach and rises to its highest point before each meal

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19
Q

cephalic responses

A

response to smell and taste of food

- secretion of saliva, gastric juices, and insulin

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20
Q

palatability

A

hedonic value as determined by variety, texture, temperature, aroma, and flavor

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21
Q

sensory-specific satiety

A

decreased liking and consumption of a particular food based on sensory characteristics

22
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

people increase their positive evaluation of a stimulus because of repeated exposures

23
Q

taste aversion

A

strong dislike because of the food’s association with nausea which developed through classical conditioning

24
Q

boundary model of eating

A

herman and polivy

  • if a person drops below the lower boundary (hunger), then they experience aversive feelings of hunger, weakness, and an empty stomach
  • if a person rises above the upper boundary (satiety) then they experience a full stomach
25
refeeding syndrome
a result of extreme food deprivation, the body loses its ability to digest and absorb food
26
physiological arousal
bodily changes that correspond to our feelings of being energized - indicate that body is getting ready for action
27
brain arousal
activation of brain, ranging from deep sleep to wakefulness to alertness
28
psychological arousal
how subjectively aroused an individual feels - energetic arousal - tense arousal
29
energetic arousal
range of feelings from tiredness and sleepiness to alert and awake
30
tense arousal
range of feelings from calmness and stillness to tension and anxiety
31
sources of arousal
stimuli collative variables tasks
32
collative variables
stimulus characteristics that include novelty, complexity, and incongruity
33
inverted-u arousal-performance
1st hypothesis | - as arousal increases, performance increases, levels off, then decreases
34
second hypothesis in yerkes-dodson law
optimal level of arousal changes with the nature of the task being performed
35
yerkes-dodson law
low arousal produces maximal performance on difficult tasks, and high arousal produces maximal performance on easy tasks
36
zone of optimal functioning hypothesis
individual inverted u-curves
37
hull-spence drive theory
high-drive participants learned the easy paired associate task faster than did low-drive participants - high-drive participants learned the difficult paired associate task slower than did low-drive participants
38
cusp catastrophe model
there are two types of arousal - cognitive anxiety - physiological arousal (somatic anxiety) - low physiological arousal, increases in cognitive anxiety produce slight improvement in performance - high physiological arousal, increases in cognitive anxiety produce decline in performance
39
tonic mobility
drop in performance can be so drastic that it is manifested as paralysis
40
cue utilization hypothesis
the number of cues or amount of information utilized by a person in any situation tends to decline with an increase in arousal
41
cool memory system
localized in hippocampus | - memory of events occurring in space and time (remember location of home and where her car is parked)
42
hot memory system
localized in amygdala | - memory of events that occur under high arousal
43
trait anxiety
individual difference measure of the disposition to perceive environmental events as threatening and to respond anxiously
44
state anxiety
actual feelings of apprehension, worry, and sympathetic nervous system arousal that are evoked by threatening situations
45
processing efficiency theory
anxiety expresses itself as worry, which is a preoccupation with evaluation and concerns about performance
46
optimal level of stimulation theory
zuckernman - every person has an optimal level of stimulation or arousal that is associated with the highest positive affective valence - not fixed optimal level - optimal level is usually at a moderate level
47
sensory deprivation
effects of low levels of stimulation
48
hedonic reversal
eventual liking of a stimuli that were initially aversive or feared
49
musical grammar processor
brain functions like this | - primitive schema, brain functions works the same way
50
schema incongruity model
mandler | - how the degree of incongruity affects the valence and intensity of an emotional reaction

motivation (7 decks)

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