quiz 4

Question 1

strain

Answer 1

resources are not adequate for a person to achieve positive events or to avoid or escape negative events

Question 2

coping

Answer 2

behavior that is motivated to meet life’s demands and their consequences

Question 3

stress

Answer 3

life demands exceed available coping resources either because the demand is too great or the resources are inadequate

Question 4

self-medication hypothesis

Answer 4

using alcohol, nicotine, or illicit drugs in order to alleviate symptoms of stress
- part of comorbidity

Question 5

stressors

Answer 5

demands that are not dealt with effectively - produce stress

Question 6

eustress

Answer 6

positive stress

- ideal level of arousal

Question 7

distress

Answer 7

negative stress

- arousal is too high or low

Question 8

same domain effect

Answer 8

negative events produce distress and reduce quality of life

- positive events increase positive feelings and increase quality of life

Question 9

prepatory response hypothesis

Answer 9

a signal preceding a biologically relevant event allows the organism to prepare for that event

Question 10

safety hypothesis

Answer 10

it is crucial to distinguish safe intervals when shock is not being delivered from unsafe intervals when it is

Question 11

hypotheses to describe preference of signaled shock over unsignaled shock

Answer 11

prepatory response hypothesis

safety hypothesis

Question 12

psychophysiological or psychosomatic disorders

Answer 12

medical conditions that arise out of negative effects from stress

Question 13

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 13

science that studies the relationship among stressors, the body’s immune system, and disease

Question 14

cytokines

Answer 14

cells in the immune system that communicate the presence of pathogens to the brain which produce sickness behavior

Question 15

open window hypothesis

Answer 15

a few hours after strenuous activities the immune system is suppressed and allows an “open window” for a virus or bacteria to invade and infect the body

Question 16

moderator variables

Answer 16

characteristics of the environment or of the person that alter the relationship between stressors and stress

Question 17

primary appraisal

Answer 17

a potential event is evaluated as to whether or not it is relevant, benign, positive or stressful

Question 18

secondary appraisal

Answer 18

assessing what strategies can meet the demands of life events

Question 19

problem-focused coping

Answer 19

trying to identify the problem more clearly and to consider potential solutions

Question 20

emotion-focused coping

Answer 20

managing the negative reactions of the accompanying stress

Question 21

buffering hypothesis

Answer 21

various forms of social support buffer or protect an individual from the harm of potential stressors

Question 22

hardiness

Answer 22

personality trait composed of three characteristics: control, commitment, and challenge

Question 23

drive

Answer 23

motivational construct that results when an animal is deprived of a needed substance, such as hunger drive from food deprivation

Question 24

redintegration

Answer 24

the environment activates a psychological need

- sight of food

Question 25

implicit motive

Answer 25

capacity of individuals to maximize satisfaction by engaging in need-relevant activities

Question 26

explicit motive

Answer 26

conscious value a person places on a stimulus or activity

Question 27

projective test

Answer 27

participant verbally responds to an unstructured stimulus in a manner that is presumably consistent with activated motives

Question 28

need to achieve

Answer 28

disposition to engage in task-oriented behavior or achievement behavior

Question 29

motive to avoid failure

Answer 29

inhibits a person from attempting achievement tasks because of fear and anxiety of failure

Question 30

self-determination theory

Answer 30

motivation stems from autonomous sources and from external sources
- but autonomous motivation is more effective and produces greater well-being

Question 31

belongingness hypothesis

Answer 31

humans have a pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting, positive, significant interpersonal relationships

Question 32

intimacy motive

Answer 32

emphasizes the positive feelings that exist between the individuals in a social relationship

Question 33

meaning-making model

Answer 33

when an event occurs that makes no sense, then individuals are motivated to restore meaning

Question 34

counterfactual thinking

Answer 34

considering alternatives to the current situation in order to restore meaning

Question 35

power motive

Answer 35

exert influence over people, be in charge, be noticed, and have high status

Question 36

self-esteem

Answer 36

case of self-evaluation which results in either positive or negative judgement

Question 37

contingencies of self-worth

Answer 37

specific domains in people’s lives that they consider important for their self-esteem