quiz #1 Flashcards
chapter 1-2
to be motivated
to be moved into action, or to decide on a change in action
motive
internal disposition to be concerned with and approach positive incentives and avoid negative incentives
incentive
anticipated reward or aversive event available in the environment
- attaining an incentive is the goal of a person’s motive
emotions
a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping responses to the current situation
cognitive motivation
visualizing an end-state as a goal and executing a plan or following a script in order to achieve that goal
anticipatory response mechanism
the goal evokes excitement in the form of miniscule consummatory behaviors that would occur to the actual goal
affective forecasting
concerns the individual’s expected subjective feelings of pain and pleasure
- anticipating a positive goal is associated with pleasant feelings, expecting a negative outcome is associated with unpleasant feeling
choice
selection of the motive or incentive from those vying for satisfaction
instrumental behaviors
motivated activities in which a person engages to satisfy a motive
internal sources of motivation
biological variables (little food in stomach, decline in blood glucose, etc) psychological variables (anxiety, happiness, etc)
reductionism
the mind’s mental processes can be reduced to the activity of the neurons in the brain
emergence
the brain’s neuronal activity issues forth mental processes
external sources of motivation
environmental variables
evolutionary history
personal history
evolutionary history
effects of millions of years of natural selection in shaping motives and emotions that aided survival of the individual and the species
agentic theory
rather than only reacting, people create the circumstances of their lives
aristotle’s theory
1st to advocate a theory of motivation
- causes: efficient (triggers of behavior), final (purpose of behavior), formal (integrating motivation into models), and material (the brain)
hedonism
pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
incentive motication
behavior is motivated by desire for incentive
principle of utility
idea that our actions are determined by whether they increase or decrease our happiness
pleasure principle
freud
- pursuit of pleasure is attained from a decrease in psychological tension especially when it follows from a sudden increase in tension
reality principle
freud
- circumstances may force the individual to postpone immediate pleasure or endure discomfort if the result is greater pleasure later
population thinking
idea that every individual in a population is different
- any motivational element does not apply equally to all individuals
instinct
internal stimulus that induces a specific pattern of behavior in a species
