quiz #1

Question 1

to be motivated

Answer 1

to be moved into action, or to decide on a change in action

Question 2

motive

Answer 2

internal disposition to be concerned with and approach positive incentives and avoid negative incentives

Question 3

incentive

Answer 3

anticipated reward or aversive event available in the environment
- attaining an incentive is the goal of a person’s motive

Question 4

emotions

Answer 4

a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping responses to the current situation

Question 5

cognitive motivation

Answer 5

visualizing an end-state as a goal and executing a plan or following a script in order to achieve that goal

Question 6

anticipatory response mechanism

Answer 6

the goal evokes excitement in the form of miniscule consummatory behaviors that would occur to the actual goal

Question 7

affective forecasting

Answer 7

concerns the individual’s expected subjective feelings of pain and pleasure
- anticipating a positive goal is associated with pleasant feelings, expecting a negative outcome is associated with unpleasant feeling

Question 8

choice

Answer 8

selection of the motive or incentive from those vying for satisfaction

Question 9

instrumental behaviors

Answer 9

motivated activities in which a person engages to satisfy a motive

Question 10

internal sources of motivation

Answer 10

biological variables (little food in stomach, decline in blood glucose, etc)
psychological variables (anxiety, happiness, etc)

Question 11

reductionism

Answer 11

the mind’s mental processes can be reduced to the activity of the neurons in the brain

Question 12

emergence

Answer 12

the brain’s neuronal activity issues forth mental processes

Question 13

external sources of motivation

Answer 13

environmental variables
evolutionary history
personal history

Question 14

evolutionary history

Answer 14

effects of millions of years of natural selection in shaping motives and emotions that aided survival of the individual and the species

Question 15

agentic theory

Answer 15

rather than only reacting, people create the circumstances of their lives

Question 16

aristotle’s theory

Answer 16

1st to advocate a theory of motivation
- causes: efficient (triggers of behavior), final (purpose of behavior), formal (integrating motivation into models), and material (the brain)

Question 17

hedonism

Answer 17

pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain

Question 18

incentive motication

Answer 18

behavior is motivated by desire for incentive

Question 19

principle of utility

Answer 19

idea that our actions are determined by whether they increase or decrease our happiness

Question 20

pleasure principle

Answer 20

freud
- pursuit of pleasure is attained from a decrease in psychological tension especially when it follows from a sudden increase in tension

Question 21

reality principle

Answer 21

freud
- circumstances may force the individual to postpone immediate pleasure or endure discomfort if the result is greater pleasure later

Question 22

population thinking

Answer 22

idea that every individual in a population is different

- any motivational element does not apply equally to all individuals

Question 23

instinct

Answer 23

internal stimulus that induces a specific pattern of behavior in a species