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motivation > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

human nature

A

behavioral, motivational, and emotional similarity among people that results from their common evolutionary history
- disposition

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2
Q

striking features of human nature

A

shared similarities in spite of environmental and cultural differences

  • shaped by natural/sexual selection
  • genetically transmitted
  • same in societies all over the world
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3
Q

interaction between evolutionary history and personal history

A

interaction between heredity (nature, evolutionary history) and environment (nurture, personal history) motivate behavior
Sir Francis Galton

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4
Q

innate behaviors

A

strongly influenced by heredity, not taught

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5
Q

psychological mechanisms

A

evolved through natural selection to solve specific problems of adaptation to the environment

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6
Q

universal motives

A

psychological mechanism reserved for the commonality of motives among humans that has evolved over evolutionary history (fear of snakes has evolved to motivate behavior to avoid/escape such dangerous creatures)

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7
Q

how do universal motives evolve

A

natural selection

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8
Q

genes

A

parts of a person’s DNA content that provide the information necessary for the construction of proteins

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9
Q

sexual desire

A

motivate the sexual behavior that is necessary for conception and eventually birth of a baby

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10
Q

romantic love

A

strong attachment that individuals have for one another and promotes long term commitment
- turns into companionate love: security, care, comfort

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

struggle between males for possession of females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring

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12
Q

mate value

A

possession of characteristics that are desired by the other sex
- the higher your mate value, the greater your appeal is to others

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13
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

assumption that attractiveness signals genes for health, fertility, and intelligence
- a person with an attractive face presumably has good genes

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14
Q

men and women value in long-term mates

A

ambition and industriousness, good financial prospects, and good looks

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15
Q

biosocial theory

A

change in emphasis from evolution to culture
- stresses that interaction between social experiences and the evolved sex differences of strength and reproductive capacity

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16
Q

structural powerless hypothesis

A

men and women want the same financial resources

- “women are powerless and rely on men to have the money” shit

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17
Q

mate poaching

A

the attempt to attract someone who is already in a romantic relationship

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18
Q

jealousy

A

negative emotion triggered by an actual or suspected loss of a mate’s sexual services or a mate’s affection

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19
Q

fear evolutionary history

A
  • fear induces the preparation for fight or flight
  • evolved fear to specific stimuli
  • develops a sensitivity to spotting the stimuli
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20
Q

valentine’s description of fear

A

an instinct lurking ready to appear when the occasion arises

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21
Q

prepared learning (preparedness) - seligman

A

the ease with which a behavior is learned

- occur easily as a result of experience, as if disposed to learning them

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22
Q

purpose of being omnivorous

A

allows humans to make use of whatever food sources a geographical area has to offer

23
Q

food neophobia

A

tendency to avoid novel foods and prefer familiar foods (shown in infants transitioning from milk to solids)

24
Q

food taste preferences

A

humans prefer sweet and are averse to bitter and sour

- shown in infants that are just days old

25
Q

music

A

organized patterns of sound that are both regular and periodic
- allows an individua l to keep time, which distinguishes music from other patterns of sound

26
Q

entrainment

A

being able o keep time

- body movements that synchronize with an external auditory beat

27
Q

why music is part of human nature according to peretz

A

music is not a recent invention
present in cultures all over the world
human response to music seems innate

28
Q

addictive behaviors

A

compulsive and provide short-term pleasure at the expense of more severe and long-term negative consequences

29
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

any chemical substance that alters a person’s mood or behavior

30
Q

types of psychoactive drugs

A 
caffeine
alcohol
cigarettes
marijuana
psychotherapeutics
cocaine
hallucinogens
methamphetamines
opiates
31
Q

salience

A

a drug becoming the entire focus of a person’s life to the extent that it interferes with other behaviors

32
Q

craving

A

overpowering, uncontrollable urge for the drug the person is using

33
Q

tolerance

A

the body habituates to the effects of a drug because of repeated experiences

34
Q

withdrawal syndrome

A

opposite of what drug produces

35
Q

behavioral genetics

A

based on the assumption that drugs have their effects on structures of the brain
- these structures are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next

36
Q

liability

A

genetic disposition toward alcoholism

37
Q

impulsiveness

A

heightened sensitivity to rewards and lack of foresight and planning

38
Q

psychological theories of drug addiction

A

positive and negative reinforcement
opponent-process theory
incentive sensitization theory

39
Q

positive and negative reinforcement

A

nature of pleasure that drugs provide changes from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement
- negative reinforcement: relief of withdrawal symptoms

40
Q

affective model of negative reinforcement

A
  • negative affect characterizes a general withdrawal process along with drug-specific withdrawal symptoms
  • craving for the drug that produces withdrawal
  • negative affect along with craving motivates using
41
Q

opponent process theory

A

integrates the interaction of two processes to account for drug-induced euphoria and withdrawal
- hedonic reaction produced by a frug which is then opposed by the drug-opposite effect

42
Q

incentive sensitization theory

A

explains drug addiction by separating wanting a drug from liking it

  • wanting is salient
  • liking is hedonic
43
Q

drugs and natural incentive effects

A

ingestion of drugs provides no pleasurable sensory effects like those of natural incentives (eg the smell/taste of food)

44
Q

neurons and neurotransmitters

A

chemical communication

45
Q

mesolimbic dopamine system

A

brain reward system
2 characteristics: composed of neurons deep in the brain, psychoactive drugs interact with several suspected neurotransmitters during stimulation of neurons in critical regions of the mesolimbic dopmaine system

46
Q

antagonists

A

blocking effect made possible by drugs

- curb appetites for drugs

47
Q

conditioning theories for drug use

A

classical conditioning

conditioned compensatory vs conditioned druglike response

48
Q

paradoxical conditioning

A

conditioned response is the opposite of the unconditioned response

49
Q

conditioned compensatory response model

A

a conditioned drug response is in the oppositre direction of the unconditioned drug response

50
Q

conditioned druglike response model

A

conditioned drug stimuli are reminders that elicit conditioned responses similar to those evoked by the drug itself

51
Q

priming

A

a strong craving for a drug can be reinstated with a single dose

52
Q

motivation for change

A

various stages of a change from willfully contemplating to preparing, acting, and maintaining change

53
Q

negative addictions

A

use has long-term negative consequences

54
Q

positive addiction

A

compulsive behaviors that result in positive health consequences (running, exercising, etc)

motivation (7 decks)

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