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quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

human nature

A

behavioral, motivational, and emotional similarity among people that results from their common evolutionary history
- disposition

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2
Q

striking features of human nature

A

shared similarities in spite of environmental and cultural differences

  • shaped by natural/sexual selection
  • genetically transmitted
  • same in societies all over the world
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3
Q

interaction between evolutionary history and personal history

A

interaction between heredity (nature, evolutionary history) and environment (nurture, personal history) motivate behavior
Sir Francis Galton

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4
Q

innate behaviors

A

strongly influenced by heredity, not taught

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5
Q

psychological mechanisms

A

evolved through natural selection to solve specific problems of adaptation to the environment

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6
Q

universal motives

A

psychological mechanism reserved for the commonality of motives among humans that has evolved over evolutionary history (fear of snakes has evolved to motivate behavior to avoid/escape such dangerous creatures)

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7
Q

how do universal motives evolve

A

natural selection

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8
Q

genes

A

parts of a person’s DNA content that provide the information necessary for the construction of proteins

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9
Q

sexual desire

A

motivate the sexual behavior that is necessary for conception and eventually birth of a baby

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10
Q

romantic love

A

strong attachment that individuals have for one another and promotes long term commitment
- turns into companionate love: security, care, comfort

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

struggle between males for possession of females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring

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12
Q

mate value

A

possession of characteristics that are desired by the other sex
- the higher your mate value, the greater your appeal is to others

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13
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

assumption that attractiveness signals genes for health, fertility, and intelligence
- a person with an attractive face presumably has good genes

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14
Q

men and women value in long-term mates

A

ambition and industriousness, good financial prospects, and good looks

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15
Q

biosocial theory

A

change in emphasis from evolution to culture
- stresses that interaction between social experiences and the evolved sex differences of strength and reproductive capacity

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16
Q

structural powerless hypothesis

A

men and women want the same financial resources

- “women are powerless and rely on men to have the money” shit

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17
Q

mate poaching

A

the attempt to attract someone who is already in a romantic relationship

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18
Q

jealousy

A

negative emotion triggered by an actual or suspected loss of a mate’s sexual services or a mate’s affection

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19
Q

fear evolutionary history

A
  • fear induces the preparation for fight or flight
  • evolved fear to specific stimuli
  • develops a sensitivity to spotting the stimuli
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20
Q

valentine’s description of fear

A

an instinct lurking ready to appear when the occasion arises

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21
Q

prepared learning (preparedness) - seligman

A

the ease with which a behavior is learned

- occur easily as a result of experience, as if disposed to learning them

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22
Q

purpose of being omnivorous

A

allows humans to make use of whatever food sources a geographical area has to offer

23
Q

food neophobia

A

tendency to avoid novel foods and prefer familiar foods (shown in infants transitioning from milk to solids)

24
Q

food taste preferences

A

humans prefer sweet and are averse to bitter and sour

- shown in infants that are just days old

25
music
organized patterns of sound that are both regular and periodic - allows an individua l to keep time, which distinguishes music from other patterns of sound
26
entrainment
being able o keep time | - body movements that synchronize with an external auditory beat
27
why music is part of human nature according to peretz
music is not a recent invention present in cultures all over the world human response to music seems innate
28
addictive behaviors
compulsive and provide short-term pleasure at the expense of more severe and long-term negative consequences
29
psychoactive drugs
any chemical substance that alters a person's mood or behavior
30
types of psychoactive drugs
``` caffeine alcohol cigarettes marijuana psychotherapeutics cocaine hallucinogens methamphetamines opiates ```
31
salience
a drug becoming the entire focus of a person's life to the extent that it interferes with other behaviors
32
craving
overpowering, uncontrollable urge for the drug the person is using
33
tolerance
the body habituates to the effects of a drug because of repeated experiences
34
withdrawal syndrome
opposite of what drug produces
35
behavioral genetics
based on the assumption that drugs have their effects on structures of the brain - these structures are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next
36
liability
genetic disposition toward alcoholism
37
impulsiveness
heightened sensitivity to rewards and lack of foresight and planning
38
psychological theories of drug addiction
positive and negative reinforcement opponent-process theory incentive sensitization theory
39
positive and negative reinforcement
nature of pleasure that drugs provide changes from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement - negative reinforcement: relief of withdrawal symptoms
40
affective model of negative reinforcement
- negative affect characterizes a general withdrawal process along with drug-specific withdrawal symptoms - craving for the drug that produces withdrawal - negative affect along with craving motivates using
41
opponent process theory
integrates the interaction of two processes to account for drug-induced euphoria and withdrawal - hedonic reaction produced by a frug which is then opposed by the drug-opposite effect
42
incentive sensitization theory
explains drug addiction by separating wanting a drug from liking it - wanting is salient - liking is hedonic
43
drugs and natural incentive effects
ingestion of drugs provides no pleasurable sensory effects like those of natural incentives (eg the smell/taste of food)
44
neurons and neurotransmitters
chemical communication
45
mesolimbic dopamine system
brain reward system 2 characteristics: composed of neurons deep in the brain, psychoactive drugs interact with several suspected neurotransmitters during stimulation of neurons in critical regions of the mesolimbic dopmaine system
46
antagonists
blocking effect made possible by drugs | - curb appetites for drugs
47
conditioning theories for drug use
classical conditioning | conditioned compensatory vs conditioned druglike response
48
paradoxical conditioning
conditioned response is the opposite of the unconditioned response
49
conditioned compensatory response model
a conditioned drug response is in the oppositre direction of the unconditioned drug response
50
conditioned druglike response model
conditioned drug stimuli are reminders that elicit conditioned responses similar to those evoked by the drug itself
51
priming
a strong craving for a drug can be reinstated with a single dose
52
motivation for change
various stages of a change from willfully contemplating to preparing, acting, and maintaining change
53
negative addictions
use has long-term negative consequences
54
positive addiction
compulsive behaviors that result in positive health consequences (running, exercising, etc)

motivation (7 decks)

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