quiz 6 Flashcards
List the major groups of “Gasteromycetes”
puffballs
stalked puffballs
earth stars
stinkhorns
bird’s nest fungi
artillery fungus
secotioid fungi
hymenomycetes
forcefully remove spores from basidia
gasteromycetes
passively release basidiospores into a cavity called a gleba
- gleba is usually also released in a passive way (notably the artillery fungus does this actively)
gasteromycete fruiting bodies
can be produced above- or below-ground (hypogeous)
gasteromycete ecological role categories
saprophytes
ectomycorrhials
parasites (uncommon)
gasteromycete phylogeny
highly polyphyletic
- secotioid fungi are a recent derivation from the hymenomycetes, but are evolving in a direction of containing more gasteromycete-like characteristics
hypogeous meaning
fruiting bodies can be produced above or below-ground
passive spore/gleba dispersal methods`
wind, water, animals
puffballs/stalked puffballs- characteristics and spore dispersal
- form large gleba surrounded by a peridium (peridium is the white covering)
- peridium ruptures to release spores- often bc of wind/rain
- sometimes develop with a stipe
puffball examples
Calvatia gigantia- “giant puffball”
edible!
Lycoperdon (has a stipe)
Scleroderma- browner star patterned guys
earth stars- characteristics and spore dispersal
puffballs contained within an outer peridium that opens to produce a star-shaped stand
major genus of earth star
Geastrum
stinkhorns- characteristics and spore dispersal
- smell bad
- rubbery peridium that surrounds the gleba and breaks open- allows a spongy stipe to emerge and expose the sticky gleba
- attract flies and other insects for dispersal
bird’s nest fungi- characteristics and spore dispersal
- common colonizers of mulch
- also dung
- cup shaped basidiocarp
- gleba are the “eggs”- called peridioles
- rain makes peridioles fly out and stick to blades of grass
artillery fungus- characteristics and spore dispersal
- ACTIVELY release gleba!
- tiny basidiocarp
- bright orange
- also often on mulch/wood chips
- move to aim towards a light source and then violently shoot out sticky gleba
artillery fungi gleba release method
ACTIVE!
- gleba (peridiole) found within peridium
- can aim gleba at light source
- gleba surrounded by sticky mass
- peridium breaks open + fires off gleba- just like birds nest
major genus of artillery fungus
sphaerobolus
“secotioid fungi”- characteristics and spore dispersal
gen. characteristics of jelly fungi
- gelatinous! (basically the only thing that holds the whole morphological group together
- usually amphigenous
- sometimes waxy, resupinate crust
- sometimes thin, webby mycelium
resupinate
protruding out of a log/wood surface
types of basidia
phragmobasidia (septate basidia)
- tremellales
- auriculariales
holobasidia (non-septate basidia)
- exobasidiales
- dacrymycetales (“tuning fork”)
what does amphigenous mean?
- entire fruiting body is spore-forming
Which classes and orders contain “jelly fungi”?
- generally/primrily agaricomycotina
- some ustilaginomycotina
- some pucciniomycotina
Orders/classes in Agaricomycotina that contain jelly fungi
- Auriculariales
- Cantharalles
- Dacrymycetes
- Tremellomycetes
Jelly fungi in Auriculariales
- order within agaricomycotina
- produce conidia from basidiospores in poor conditions
- auricularoid basidia
Describe the general characteristics of the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina.
- mostly parasites/associates of highter plants
- often have saprophytic yeast stage
- teliospores
- eg: smut fungi
teliospores
spores in which K&M occur, followed by germination to form a basidium (phragmobasidium) and basidiospores
List the major classes within Ustilaginomycotina, and the orders within those classes. Be able to differentiate between orders.
Ustilaginomycetes
- urocystales
- ustilaginales
Exobasidiomycetes
- tilletiales
- exobasidiales
- malasseziales
Jelly fungi in Cantharellales
- order within agaricomycotina
- often resupinate fruiting bodies
- stichic basidia
- basidia often have large sterigmata
Jelly fungi in Dacrymycetes
- class within agaricomycotina
- TUNING FORK BASIDIA (dacrymycetales)
Jelly fungi in Tremellomycetes
- class within agaricomycotina
- Tremellales basidia
- usually mycoparasitic- form haustoria
- often dimporphic w yeast stages
- Cryptococcus neoformans
haustoria
- intracellular structure a parasite/mutualist produces inside a host cell
- seen in tremellomycetes
Illustrate and describe the life cycle of Ustilago maydis using proper terminology for each step. Illustrate and describe the life cycle of Ustilago maydis using proper terminology for each step.
- teliospore- K&M occur- then germinates into a basidium (phragmobasidium)
- haploid nuclei formed then spores that are released into envi
- basidiospores take up a yeast stage
- yeasts can bud or go thru binary fission asexually
- yeast finds opposite mating type–> conjugation–> plasmogamy
- forms a dikaryotic infection hyphae that infects corn kernels
- forms galls made of dikaryotic hyphae that split into dikaryotic cells
- dikaryotic cells undergo karyogamy to become teliospores
Tilletiales
- order within class exobasidiomycetes
- most economically important
- dikaryotic “h structure”- infectious stage
Exobasidiales
-eg: Exobasidium
- order within class exobasidiomycetes
- obligate parasite of Ericaceae
- tumor-like galls on leaves, flowers, fruits
- forms thin mycelium on surface of infected plant parts that produces basidia
Malesseziales
- eg: Malassezia
- order within class exobasidiomycetes
- commensal yeasts on mammals
- cause skin infections
- lipolytic
- cause dandruff, etc
Illustrate and describe the life cycle of Tilletia tritici using proper terminology at each step. What is unique about its infection stage? How does this life cycle differ from Ustilago maydis?
- teliospores form bunt balls/bunted kernels
- undergo K+M
- forms a basidium that forms haploid sporidia (essentially spores)
- sporidia conjugate with each other (similar to yeast in Ustilago maydis)
- dikaryotic infectious hyphae in an H form- released in this form from the basidium
Describe the general characteristics of the subphylum Pucciniomycotina.
- often obligate plant parasites
- the rusts, among other things (smuts, saprophytes, insect parasites)
- no clamps
- simple septa
- transversely septate basidia
- can have complex life cycles
List the two classes and the major orders of Pucciniomycotina. Be able to differentiate between these orders.
Pucciniomycetes
Microbotryomycetes
Pucciniomycetes characteristics
- obligately biotrophic
- may require 2 different plant hosts to complete life cycle
- may have up to 5 spore stages
Illustrate and describe the life cycle of Puccinia graminis. Be able to answer questions about the various spores stages, hosts, and their biological relevance.
- affect wheat crop
- go thru combination every year- almost impossible for plants to become resistant
- stages 0-4:
2. urediniospores - disease stage- dikaryotic spores spread and keep infecting more wheat crops
3. teliospores - near end of growing season- spores undergo K to form a diploid nucleus–> teliospores
- when winter is over, spores undergo M–> basidia formed
4. basidiospores - haploid spores- move from wheat to Barberry
0. spermatia - spermatogonia form on upper surface of Barberry leaves- form haploid spores
- diff mating types from neighboring spermatia meet–> P–> dikaryotic hyphae that grow THROUGH leaf tissue
1. aecidiospores - aecidium forms through the BOTTOM of the leaf- release spores that will infect wheat again
Illustrate and/or describe how a Urediniospore infects a plant leaf, using all appropriate terminology.
- lands on plant
- excretes adhesive material
- germinates
- forms an apresorium that penetrates host cells via penetration hyphae
- substomatal vesicle forms
- infection hyphae
- haustorium- extracts nutrients from within a plant cell
- allow hyphae to grow and generate many new urediniospores that erupt thru plant tissue and spread
Be able to differentiate between major spore stages of the Pucciniomycetes, and use the presence of these spore stages, as well as number of hosts, to determine rust type.
heteroecious- 2 hosts
- macrocyclic
- demicyclic- do NOT form urediniospores
autoecious- 1 host
- microcyclic- do NOT have spermatogonia stage, may or may not have any of the other stages
- endocyclic: type of microcyclic rust where basidia form aecium-like structures
Describe the general characteristics of the Septobasidiales and how they differ from other members of the Pucciniomycetes.
- obligate parasites of scale insects
- form dry fruiting bodies on stems and branches and infect scale insects living there
- have simple septa
Describe the life cycle of the Septobasidiales
- haploid basidiospores penetrate insects
- can have a yeast stage, bud off one another
- insect attaches to the plant
- form a hyphal mat (dikaryotic mycelium) on top of insect
- haustoria produced in insect
- mat extends, can cover more insects
- infected insects are sterile
two major orders of Microbotryomycetes
Microbotryales
Sporidiobolales
Microbotryales
- anther/dicot smuts
- microbotryum violaceum
- produce teliospores in anthers of host, carried by pollinators
- “plant venereal disease”
Sporidiobolales
- yeasts
- usually red
- forcible basidiospore discharge
- eg: mirror yeasts
