Quiz 2 Flashcards
differentiate btwn mitotic + meiotic spores and their biological significance
mitosis: asexual
meiotic:
- basidiomycota- sexual basidiospores
- ascomycota- sexual ascospore
basidiocarp
structure that produces basidiospores/ascospores
pleiotrophy
fungi that produce BOTH MEIOTIC AND MITOTIC spores
Classify dikaryotic Fungi into phyla based on the sexual structures they produce.
Ascomycota
sac-like asci
Basidiomycota
club shaped basidia
List and describe the shared characteristics across the Kingdom Fungi.
eukaryotic heterotroph that digests nutrients externally by secreting enzymes
- shared biochemical characteristics:
chitin in cell walls
cell membranes have ergosterol (vs animal sterol: cholesterol)
use (AAA) pathway to produce lysine
UGA codes for tryptophan in their mitochondrial genome
Ophistokonts
“Clade” of fungi and animals
- referring to posterially attached flagellum (think of sperm and choanocytes in sea sponges)
- chitin POSSIBLY present
- storage of glycogen
List the phyla and explain the characteristics associated with the Subkingdom Dikarya. How does this subkingdom differ from other major phyla in the Kingdom Fungi?
contains basidio- and ascomycota
- regularly septate hyphae
- dikaryotic stages in life
Identify the taxonomic hierarchy of a given fungal group based on the suffix provided.
division: -mycota
sub-division: mycotina
class: -mycetes
sub-class: -mycetidae
order: -ales
family: -aceae
Illustrate a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationship between the major dikaryotic groups compared to the rest of the Fungal kingdom.
see phone
Diagram and explain the life cycle of a dikaryotic fungus. Explain how this life cycle would differ between the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota using the appropriate terminology for sexual structures. Be sure to be able to differentiate between plasmogamy, karyogamy & meiosis, and place them in the appropriate location on the life cycle.
dikaryotic: n + n
- 2 haploid nuclei within a single cell
diploid stage, haploid stage, meiosis
see phone for cycle picture
Basidia are dikaryotic (2 haploid nuclei)
Karyogamy: fusion of 2 haploid nuclei into a diploid nucleus (happens within basidia)
Diploid nucleus produces 4 new haploid spores through meiosis (basidiospores)
Released and grow into haploid mycelium
Plasmogamy: 2 different mating types of the haploid mycelium meet and form a dikaryotic mycelium
Develop into a basidiocarp (mushroom)
Differentiate between Heterothallic and Homothallic mating systems in the Dikarya.
Heterothallic: individuals must vary at 1 or more loci in order to undergo sexual reproduction
Homothallic: form of self-fertilization- single haploid fungus can produce meiotic spores through self-fertilization
- create spores
- aka apomixis
Symbionts
- fungal examples?
Symbionts
- mutualists: lichens, mycorrhizal fungus
- commensals
- parasites: biotrophs (feed on cells), necrotrophs (kill cells), anf hemibiotrophs (intermediate)
Saprobes
- fungal examples?
Saprobes: decomposers
- soil fungi
- Degrade cellulose and other carbohydrates efficiently
- wood decay in fungi capable of lignin degradation
- can dominate harsh envis (hot, cold, dry, high solute conc)
- eg: - compost fungi are thermophilic
Illustrate a tree of, and differentiate between, the three major subphyla in the Basidiomycota.
Agaricomycotina- diverse basidiomycota- mostly producing conspicuous fruiting bodies
Ustilaginomycotina- mostly plant associated: smuts, yeasts, etc
Pucciniomycotina- mostly plant related- rusts, yeasts, etc
Agar and Ustil share a common ancestor
Summarize the general characteristics of the Phylum Basidiomycota.
Basidia + basidiospores
Usually have an extended dikaryotic phase
Septae close because of swelling of parenthosomes (as opposed to Woronin bodies blocking space between the septae
Form clamps
Define clamp connection, and describe its purpose & how it forms
Used to maintain dikaryotic nature of the cells after meiosis occurs
How does a morphological group compare to a taxonomic group?
morphological are based on superficial appearance and functions, while taxonomic groupings consider genome similarities and differences
Differentiate between the three major morphological groups within the Subphylum Agaricomycotina
Hymenomycetes- forcibly eject basidiospores form hymenium
Gasteromycetes- passively release basidiospores into a cavity called a gleba that usually releases them passively
Jelly fungi- ancestral Agaricomycotina with gelatinous basidiomycota
Differentiate between the two major morphological groups within the “Hymenomycetes”. Be able to identify which group examples of “Hymenomycetes” fall into.
Agaricales- mushrooms + boletes
Aphyllophorales- polypores, corals, clubs, chanterelles
List the major groups of “Gasteromycetes” and describe how this group differs from “Hymenomycetes”. How is it the same?
Gasteromycetes- well-defined hymenium of basidia, exposed prior to spore maturation
Both fleshy forest fungi
- puffballs
- stalked puffballs
- earth stars
- stinkhorns
- bird’s nest fungi
- artillery fungus
“secotioid fungi”
