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Human Physicology > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How does water move across cell mebranes

A

Simple and facilitated diffusion

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2
Q

what can set up pressure gradients that drives a net movement across the membrane

A

osmotically active solutes
-only happens if the cell is more permeable to water than it is to solute

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3
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

-excretion of nitrogenous water ( mostly urea for humans)
-homestatic regulation

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4
Q

homestatic regulation of

A

-extracellular fluid volume
-blood pressure
-blood osmolarity
-blood ph

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5
Q

three main forms of nitrogenous waste

A

-ammonia
-urea
-uric acid
humans produce all three but most in circulation.

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6
Q

ammonia

A

highly soluble in water, basic, highly toxic

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7
Q

urea

A

only slightly less soluble, neutral, much less toxic
-form of urine

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8
Q

uric acid

A

solid and largely insoluble in water, acidic , non-toxic

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9
Q

gout

A

uric acid crystals in joints

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10
Q

four stages of urine produciton

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

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11
Q

filtration

A

blood moves through the glomerulus under pressure

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12
Q

how do materials exit the glomerulus

A

by passing through perforation s in the capillary wall and silts formed between podocyte cells

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13
Q

blood capsule

A

nut or sac of blood vessels that usually have fenestrated walls

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14
Q

how is flow rate controlled

A

via the blood pressure in the glomerules (+/+) and colloid osmotic pressure (+/_)

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15
Q

how is blood pressure controlled

A

relative size of afferent and efferent arterioles

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16
Q

efferent

A

postive flow

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17
Q

afferent

A

negative flow

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18
Q

what happens when colloid proteins are in the blood

A

causes an osmotic gradient that pulls materials back towards the blood stream.

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19
Q

reabsorption

A

many substances are removed from the urine and returned to the blood

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20
Q

two mechanisms for reabsorption

A
  1. epithelial transport ( transcellular transport)
    2.paracellular pathway
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21
Q

secretion

A

-transfer of molecules from extracellular fluid into lumen of the nephron (active process)
-important in homeostatic regulation(K and H)

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22
Q

increasing secretion enhances

A

nephron excretion

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23
Q

many substances are concentrated in the

A

urine via active transport

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24
Q

urine is held in the bladder until

A

micturition

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25
micturion
26
excretion
-once urine leaves the collecting duct it can no longer be chemically modified -urine from all the nephrons collects in the renal pelvis
27
how is urine pushed into the bladder
by smooth muscle contractions in ureters
28
how is excretion controlled
by spinal reflex that is inhibited by the brain
29
how is micturition controlled
by spinal reflex that is inhibited by the brain
30
how is urine volume and osmolarity controlled
by two different endocrine pathways -ADH( antidiuretic hormone) - promotes water reabsorption -RAAS ( renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)- promotes Na+ reabsorption
31
where & why is ADH released
-posterior pituitary gland -when blood volumen decreases and blood osmolarity increases
32
what does the ADH do
promotes reabsorption of water from the urine by increasing aquaporin density on the cells lining the collecting duct
33
How is the RAAS pathway triggered
when blood pressure decreases
34
what does the release of aldosterone do
promotes reabsoroption of Na+ from the urine by increasing production of ion channels and pumps
35
normal pH of plasma
7.38-7.42
36
acidosis
neurons become less excitable; CNS depression (can be related to K+ deficiency) -H+ is excreted -HCO3- and K+ are reabsorbed
37
alkalosis
hyperexcitedable -HCO3- and K+ are excreted -H+ is reabsorbed
38
abnormal pH affects
nervous system
39
why is H+ concentrated closely regulated
changes can alter protein shape.
40
how can corrections be made
altering activity of the respiratory and excertory systems
41
buffers
-moderate changes in pH -combine with or release H+ -cellular proteins, phosphate ions, hemoglobin, bicarbonate
42
ventilation
-rapid response -corrects 75% of disturbances, can also cause them
43
renal regulation
-directly by excreting and reabsorbing H+ -indirectly by changing in the rate at which HCO-3 buffer is reabsorbed or excreted
44
urolithaisis
presence of kidney stones or urinary caliculi
45
kidney stones are from
materials that are excreted from kidneys -usually dissolved in urine but can form precipitate that causes stones
46
most common kidney stones
calcium stone -formed from calcium phophate or calcium oxalate
47
pain assocaited with the blockage of the urinary tract by kidney stone
renal colic
48
main componets of urinary system
kidneys ureter bladder urethra
49
kidneys
primary organ; filter blood, remove waste, excrete waste in urine
50
ureters
carries urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
51
bladder
temporay storage of urine
52
urethra
final passage way for the flow of urine
53
nitrite in urine
indicted UTI; bacterial infection in urinary tact
54
protein in urine
indicate proteinuria or albuminuria, sign kidneys are damaged -protein leaked through kidney filters into urine
55
ketones
indicated body is acidic, cells cant get enough glucose -body breaks down fat for energy produces ketone whihc can build up in blood and urine
56
creatinine
indicates diabetes, high muslce tone, problem with kidney -normal waste product in the body produces everyday during muscle movement and when digesting meat
57
specific gravity
indicates mild dehydration
58
why would water aid in prevention of developing future kideny stones
dilutes urine concetrates and decreases urine acidic; more water intake helps flush away minerals that might form stones
59
the kidney is divinded into
outer cortex and inner medulla
60
urine leaving the nephrons flows into
the renal pelvis prior to passing through the ureter into the bladdeer
61
what creates a three layer filtraion barrier
glomerular capillary endothelium, basal lamia,and bowmans capsule

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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