Final exam Flashcards
what distinguishes osmolarity from tonicity?
-tonicity measures only the concentration of non-penetrating solutes through a semipermeable membrane
-osmolarity measures the total concentration of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes
how can a solution be hyperosmotic and hypotonic at the same time
If the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes is less in the solution than in a cell
what are the major functions of the excretory system other than removal of nitrogenous waste?
Removes excess water to maintain a suitable osmolarity within the tissues and cells
-Filtration, reabsoroption, and production of urine
what three forms of nitrogenous waste are produced by vertebrates and what forms are produced by humans?
Ammonia, urea, uric acid- vertbrate
urea and ammonia- in humans
difference between cortical and juxtomedullary nephrons in terms of structure and function
-cortical nephron contains a short loop of Henle which only extends into the outer region of the renal medulla whereas -juxtamedullary nephron contains a longer loop of Henle which extends deeper into the inner medulla.
four stages of urine production
-Filtration
-Reabsorption
-Secretion
-excretion
how is glomerular filtration rate controlled? list
a blood test that checks how well your kidneys are working
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) and Bowman’s space oncotic pressure
Basal lamina, capillary enothliem, bowmans capsule
how are sodium, water, small anions, and glucose reabsorbed
Sodium- reabsorbed by active transport
water- osmosis following solute reabsorption
anions- electrochemical gradient
-permable solutes- diffusion
how are organic anions secreted into he urine?
facilitated diffusion
how do ADH and the RAAS pathway regulate urine osmolarity?
ADH- promotes water reabsorptions
RAAS- promotes Na+ reabsorption
how does the urinary system help regulate blood pH
what is the function of saliva
Moistens food and tissues in the oral space, facilitates chewing and ingestion, aids digestion of starches, and normalizes water balance.
what enzymes are in salivia and what are their functions
water
mucus
anitmicrobial compounds
salivary amylase
lingual lipase
secretory cells of the stomach and thir major products
where do muscle undergo tonic contraction ins digestive system and why
smooth muscle sphinceters and anterior portion of the stomach which keeps bolus from moving backwards
what are slow wave potentials
A slow-wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract.
how do slow wave potentials help set up patterns of peristaltic contractions in the intestine
difference between peristaltic and segmental contractions
Peristalsis pushes the food downward in one direction while segmentation does not cause for net movement of food inside the GI tract.
main digestive secretion of the liver and what is its function
helps turn fats into energy that your body uses
two digestive secretions of the pancreas and where do they carry out their function
trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats
three phases of digestion and where is gastric secretion initiated and how?
Cephalic
gastric
intestinal
what digestive enzyme is produced in the small intestine and what is its function
Maltase, which i responsible for breaking down maltose (malt sugar) into glucose (simple sugar)
how is glucose absorbed in digestive
electrogenic in the small intestinal
how is fructose absorbed
via glucose transporters (GLUT) in the intestine, mainly GLUT-2 and GLUT-5.
