Quiz 1 Endocrine

Question 1

Physiological signals

Answer 1

-Electrical and Chemical

Question 2

Electrical signals

Answer 2

changes in the membrane potential of a cell

Question 3

Chemical signals

Answer 3

-secreted by cells into ECF
-responsible for most communication within the body
- chemical signals can be classified by their sources and targets

Question 4

Cell to cell communicaton

Answer 4

Target cells or targets, respond to signals.

Question 5

Cell to cell communication molecules

Answer 5

-chemical signals
-secreted by a cell or group of cells
-transported by blood
-distant target tissue receptors
-activates physiological response at low concentrations

Question 6

Cellular mechanism of action

Answer 6

-depends on binding to target cell receptors
-initiates biochemical responses

Question 7

Lipid soluble hormones

Answer 7

-steroids, T3 and T4
-bind intracellular receptors
-receptor is often a transcription factor
-directly affect gene expression

Question 8

Lipid insoluble hormone

Answer 8

-must bind surface receptors
-variety of types and functions
-generally, require signal transduction
-second messenger systems

Question 9

G-protein couple receptors

Answer 9

-membrane-spanning proteins
-cytoplasmic tail linked to G protein, a three-part transducer molecule

Question 10

When G proteins are activated

Answer 10

-open ion channels in the membrane
-alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

Question 11

Control over hormone levels

Answer 11

-HPA (hypothalamic pituitary axis)
-Humoral
-Neural

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

• master control center of endocrine system
  -communicates with the rest of the endocrine system via the anterior-pituitary
  -directs the activity of the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibiting hormones
  -releasing hormones simulate AP to release tropins

Question 13

Anterior pituitary

Answer 13

true endocrine gland
-responds to releasing hormones from hypothalamus
-secretes tropins or tropic hormones

Question 14

posterior pituitary

Answer 14

-extension of hypothalamus
-contains axons of neurons whose cell bodies are in hypothalamus
-secretes neuroendocrines

Question 15

humoral control

Answer 15

some glands are able to directly control levels of their own hormones.
-monitor body fluids and alter hormone levels as needed

Question 16

neural control

Answer 16

neuroendocrines are usually controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system
-release in the same way as neurotransmitters, except there is not synapse, enter the bloodstream instead

Question 17

Agonism

Answer 17

binds the receptor for the hormone, causing the same response

Question 18

Antagonism

Answer 18

one substance opposes the action of another.
-competitive inhibitors vs functional antagonism
-glucagon’s oppose insulin

Question 19

synergism

Answer 19

combined effecet is greater than the sum of individual effects

Question 20

synergism

Answer 20

combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects

Question 21

permissiveness

Answer 21

need second hormone to get full effect

Question 22

Hypersecretion

Answer 22

excess hormone
-caused by tumors or exogenous treatment
-loss of negative feedback

Question 23

hyposecretion

Answer 23

deficient hormone
-caused by decreased synthesis materials or atrophy

Question 24

endocrine pathologies in humans

Answer 24

-hypersecretion
-hyposecretion
-decreased number of receptors
-receptor and signal transduction abnormalities

Question 25

Hashimoto's disease

Answer 25

form of hypothyroidism -caused by an autoimmune attack of the thyroid gland -body attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and damage to the gland -leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones

Question 26

Graves disease

Answer 26

autoimmune disorder of thyroid -causes hyperthyroidism -symptoms include insomnia, bulging eyes, and jitteriness -treatment involves decreasing hormone secretion -destroying the thyroid with radioactive iodine -surgery -synthetic thyroid hormone after destruction of thyroud

Question 27

pheochromocytoma

Answer 27

tumor of the adrenal gland causing increased epinephrine secretion -symptoms are similar to an adreanline rush -severe headaches, excess sweating, racing heart, anxiety, abdominal pain, heat intolerance and weight loss -rarely cancerous -must be removed or the effects of excessive epinephrine production will be fatal

Question 28

Addisons disease

Answer 28

insufficient production of cortisol -symptoms are weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigus, low blod pressure, and excessive skin pigmentation -aldosterone may also be deficient -many cases are autoimmune -treated with hormone replacement

Question 29

Cushings syndrome

Answer 29

oversecretion of cortisol -symptoms are upper body obesity, round face, easy bruising, weakened bones, fatigue, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar causes- -side effect of medical use of steroids -primary tumors, lung tumors, adrenal tumors -genetic disorders

Question 30

multiple endocrine neoplasia

Answer 30

genetic condition in which multiple endocrine tissue develop tumors (neoplasms) -can be benign or malignant tumors -diagnosed once three or more distant tumor types developed Type 1- pancreatic, parathyroid, pituitary (MEN1 gene) Type 2- Pheochromocytoma, thyroid, + 1 other type (RET gene)

Question 31

Stress reponse

Answer 31

Acute and Chronic -origin -stress induced by competition predation, starvation

Question 32

Acute stress response

Answer 32

Catecholamines -epinephrine in humans

Question 33

chronic stress response

Answer 33

glucocorticoids cortisol in humans