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Human Physicology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Three segments of the stomach

A

fundus
body
antrum

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

-everything the food touches
the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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3
Q

accessory glands

A

-food does not touch
salivary glands, liver and gall bladder, and the pancreas aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption

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4
Q

what does the salivary glands do

A

secrete saliva

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5
Q

what is in saliva

A

-water
-mucus
-antimicrobial compounds ( IgA, H2O2)
-salivary amylase
-lingual lipase

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6
Q

salivary amylase

A

encoded by the gene AMY1, is a major component of human saliva that initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

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7
Q

lingual lipase

A

enerates nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from dietary fats during oral processing by lipolysis

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8
Q

what does the stomach connect to?

A

the SI via the pylorus

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9
Q

how does the stomach carry out some chemical digestion

A

uses acid hydrolysis and pepsin.

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10
Q

what does the stomach limit

A

the amount of chyme entering the SI at a time

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11
Q

small intestine

A

site of additional digestion and absorption

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12
Q

duodenum

A

digestion, receiving inputs from liver/gall bladder through bile duct and pancreas via pancreatic duct

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13
Q

jejunum

A

larger and thicker, more mucosal tissue

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14
Q

ileum

A

most distal, majority of length of s,i

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15
Q

section of the small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

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16
Q

large instestin

A

Used for reabsorption of water and absorption of some water soluble materials

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17
Q

four sections of large intestine

A

ascending
transverse
descending
rectum

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18
Q

layers of Gi tract

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-serosa

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19
Q

mucosa

A

cells that secrete enymes and ions needed for digestion, mucus, hormones
enterocytes ( absorption)
innermost

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20
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

muscles that wave villi

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21
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue
is the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body.

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22
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels
-submucosal plexus

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23
Q

Serosa

A

connective tissue sheet
outermost
continuous with the peritoneum

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24
Q

digestion

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

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25
absorption
movement of material from GI lumen to ECF
26
motility
movement of material through the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction
27
secretion
movement of materail from cells into lumen or ECF
28
processes of digestive
mechanical breakdown -chewing, mixing
29
process of digestion chemical
hydrolysis of covalent bonds in polymers -acid hydrolysis -enzyme mediated hydrolysis
30
processes of secretion
variety of compounds are released by cells that line the GI tract into the lumen
31
secretion process water
roughly 9L per day move through GI tract only 2 L are imbibed, the rest are secreted into the lumen
32
secretion process digestive enzymes
slaivary glands, stomach, SI, pancreas mainly secreated by proenzymes zymogens
33
secretion process mucus
forms mucus upon contact with water physical barrier that protects the GI tract from pathogens and digestive juices
34
what is mucins secreated by
goblet cells
35
motility process
Smooth muscle contractions move materials around in the lumen of the alimentary canal -single unit smooth muscule -different region s exhibit one of two contraction patterns
36
where does tonic contraction occur
in smooth muscles sphincters and anterior portion of the stomach
37
how long is tonic contractions substained
minutes or hours
38
tonic contraction
keeps bolus from moving backwards
39
how long does phasic contractions occur
few seconds at a time
40
two patterns in phasic contaction
peristalsis- moves bolus forward segmentation-mixes
41
slow wave potentials
spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization
42
where does slow wave potentials originate from
interstitial cells of cajal modified smooth muscle celss
43
where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin
mouth
44
saliary secretion is under
autonomic control
45
salivary secretion does what
softens and lubricates food saliva also has an protective function
46
chewing is
mastication
47
intiation fo long vagal reflex
20% of total gastric secretion
48
degluttion reflex
tongue pushes bolus against the soft palate -muscle contraction raise the soft palate and move the larynx -upper esophageal sphincter opens -peristaltic contraction push bolus down to stomach food moves downward into the esophagus, propelled by peristaltic waves and aided by gravity
49
where does sensory nerve carry signal
medulla via glosspharyngeal nerce (CN9)
50
when is breathing inbitited
as the bolus passes the closed airway
51
when is breathing inhibited
as the bolus passes the closed airway
52
three function of the stomach in gastric phase
storage secretion protection
53
when does digestive activity in the stomach begin?
with the long vagal reflex of the cephalic phase
54
what is the ned product of gastric phase
acid chyme
55
acid chyme
ph-2 little to no complex carbohydrate large fat droplets most protein broken into shorter chains. most nucleic acids broken down to short chain.
56
pyloric sphincter parses acid chyme into
small manageable portions
57
most digestion occurs in
small intestine
58
what does bicarbonate do
neutralizes gastric acid (also comes from pancreas)
59
goblet cells secrete
mucus for protection and lubrication
60
cholecystoknin(cck) stimulates
the emptying of the gall bladder and pancreas
61
enteropeptidase converts
zymogens from pancreas into active forms
62
what do duodenum kick off
the process of intestinal phase, large amount of secretion
63
bile salts coats what
lipids to make emullsion
64
where does most absorption occur
in the small intestine via facillitated diffusion or active transport
65
what are most substance broken down into
component monomers for absorption
66
where are watar, ions, and several water soluble vitamins absorbed
large intestine
67
where are many synthesize vitamins, short fatty acids, and complex carbohydrates absorbed
coloncytes
68
main energy substrate of coloncytes
fatty acids
69
colon has large population
symbiotic bacteria
70
what regulates short reflexes
enteric nervous system
71
isolated gut exhibts
secretion and motility
72
submucosal plexus regulates
secretion in response to signals from lumen ( pressure chemical)
73
myenteric plexus causes
slow wave potentials, mixing, and peristalsis
74
long reflexes integrated by
CNS and endocrines
75
CCK targets
gallbaldder, pancreas, and stomach
76
CCK stimulates
fatty acid and some amino acids
77
CCK effects
stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion promotes satiety some effect may be due to CCK as a neurotransmitter
78
secretin target
pancreas, stomach
79
secretin stimulates
acid in small intestine
80
secretin effects
stimulates HCO-, secretion -inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
81
motlin targets
gastric and intestinal smooth muscles
82
motlin stimulates
fasting periodic release, every 1.5-2 hours
83
motlin effects
stimulates migrating motor complex inhibited by eating a meal
84
GIP targets
beta cells of pancreas
85
GIP stimules
glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in small intestine
86
GIP effects
stimulates insulin release, inhbits gastric emptying and acid secretion
87
GLP-1 targets
endocrine pancreas
88
GLP-1 stimulus
mixed meal that includes carbohydrates of fats in the lumen
89
GLP-1 effects
stimulates insulin release inhbits glucagon release and gastric function promotes satiety

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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