metabolism

Question 1

anabolic pathways

Answer 1

fed state metabolism

Question 2

catabolic pathways

Answer 2

fasted state metabolism

Question 3

sum of chemical reaction in the body

Answer 3

-extract energy from nutrients
-use energy for work
-store excess energy

Question 4

metabolism is like

Answer 4

a sea saw tipping back and forth in the balenace between the two states

Question 5

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 5

an individual lowest metabolic rate
-usually approximately by measuring Resting metabolic rate (RMR) after 12-hour fast

Question 6

Maxiumum metabolic rate (MMR)

Question 7

direct calorimentry

Answer 7

measures energy content of food in kilocalories

Question 8

indirect caloriimetry

Answer 8

estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy expenditure
-oxygen consumption
-carbon dioxide production
-ratio of CO2 to O2

Question 9

acute

Answer 9

minutes to hours
-factors can change rapidly
-influences metabolism directly
-or cause immediate up or down regulation

Question 10

long term

Answer 10

-factors that intrinsic (cant be changed) or change over long time scales
-causes premanent or semi permannet up.down regulation

Question 11

acute changes in physical activity

Answer 11

overall metabolism increases and shifts towards catabolism

Question 12

endotherms

Answer 12

metabolism is lowest in the “thermoneutral” zone, increases at either extreme

Question 13

ectotherms

Answer 13

overall metabolism increases proportionally

Question 14

acute changes in enviromental temperature

Answer 14

ectotherm
endotherm

Question 15

acute changes in eating a meal

Answer 15

overall metabolism increases and shifts towards anabolism

Question 16

acute changes in environmental oxygen content

Answer 16

threshold minimum value- metabolism is unaffected above and down-regulated below

Question 17

acute changes in time of day

Answer 17

higher during times of activity

Question 18

acute changes in water balance

Answer 18

higher outside of normal ranges

Question 19

long term changes in age

Answer 19

-generally juveniles have the highest metabolic rates
-drops dramatically after puberty

Question 20

long term changes in body size

Answer 20

-increases with body size
-mass-specific is more complex

Question 21

what is catabolism used for

Answer 21

supply the energy needed to perform work

Question 22

what is heat produces as

Answer 22

a byproduct ( inefficiency)
can be used for thermoregulation

Question 23

nutrient pools are available for immediate use of

Answer 23

free fatty acids pool
glucose pool
amino acid pool

Question 24

free fatty acids pool

Answer 24

beta oxidation

Question 25

glucose pool

Answer 25

glycolysis wth or without respiratoin -glucose is stored as glycogen

Question 26

amino acid pool

Answer 26

trans-amination or deamination

Question 27

fed state of free fatty acids

Answer 27

converted into fats (lipogeneisis)

Question 28

fasted state of free fatty acids

Answer 28

liberated from fats (lipolysis)

Question 29

fed state of glucose

Answer 29

stored away as glycogen (glycogenesis)

Question 30

fasted state of glucose

Answer 30

broken out from glycogen (glycogenolysis)

Question 31

other storage of glucose

Answer 31

excess converted to fat (lipogenesis)

Question 32

fed state of amino acids

Answer 32

used to build proteins

Question 33

fasted state of amino acids

Answer 33

broken out from proteins

Question 34

other storage of amino acids

Answer 34

some can be used to make glucose ( gluconeogenesis)

Question 35

what is fuel and pathway selection determine by?

Answer 35

the rate at which resources and oxygen can be supplied

Question 36

upregulation of circulatory and respiratory acitivty requires

Answer 36

lead in time

Question 37

oxygen will be limited at the onset of work but it requires

Answer 37

anaerobic process

Question 38

oxygen deficit

Answer 38

work exceeds oxygen delivery

Question 39

equilibrium

Answer 39

ventilation and caridac output rise to mathc needs (up to maximal exercise)

Question 40

EPOC

Answer 40

excessice post-excercise oxygen consumption -time lag in parasympathetic activity

Question 41

two competing behavioral states

Answer 41

appetite ( or hunger) satiety

Question 42

what two control centers does the hypothalamus contain

Answer 42

feeding center satiety center

Question 43

glucostatic theory

Answer 43

glucose metabolism by hypthalamic centers regulates food intake

Question 44

lipostatic theory

Answer 44

signals from fat stoes to the brain modulate eating behavior to maintain a particular weight -apidocytokines and peptide hormones -leptin, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1

Question 45

endocrine pancreas secreates

Answer 45

hormones insulin and glucagon

Question 46

metabolism is controled primarily by

Answer 46

the ratio of these hormones

Question 47

in fed state insulin

Answer 47

dominates

Question 48

in fasted state glucagon

Answer 48

dominates

Question 49

effects of insulin

Answer 49

1. increases glucose transport into most, but not all insulin -sensitive cells 2.enhances cellular utilization and stoarge of glucose 3.enhaces utilzation of amino acids 4.promotes fat synthesis

Question 50

what happens in liver hepatocytes fasted state

Answer 50

hepatocyte makes glucose and transport it out into the blood using GLUT2 transporters

Question 51

what happens in liver heptocytes fed state

Answer 51

glucose concentration gradiwnt reverses, and glucose enters the hepatocyte

Question 52

adipose and resting skeletal muscle fasted state

Answer 52

in the absence of insulin there are no CLUT4 transporters in the membrane

Question 53

adipose and resting skeletal muscle fed state

Answer 53

insulin signals the cell to insert GLUT4 transporters into the membrane, allowing glucose to enter cell