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Human Physicology > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

anabolic pathways

A

fed state metabolism

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2
Q

catabolic pathways

A

fasted state metabolism

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3
Q

sum of chemical reaction in the body

A

-extract energy from nutrients
-use energy for work
-store excess energy

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4
Q

metabolism is like

A

a sea saw tipping back and forth in the balenace between the two states

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5
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

an individual lowest metabolic rate
-usually approximately by measuring Resting metabolic rate (RMR) after 12-hour fast

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6
Q

Maxiumum metabolic rate (MMR)

A
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7
Q

direct calorimentry

A

measures energy content of food in kilocalories

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8
Q

indirect caloriimetry

A

estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy expenditure
-oxygen consumption
-carbon dioxide production
-ratio of CO2 to O2

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9
Q

acute

A

minutes to hours
-factors can change rapidly
-influences metabolism directly
-or cause immediate up or down regulation

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10
Q

long term

A

-factors that intrinsic (cant be changed) or change over long time scales
-causes premanent or semi permannet up.down regulation

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11
Q

acute changes in physical activity

A

overall metabolism increases and shifts towards catabolism

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12
Q

endotherms

A

metabolism is lowest in the “thermoneutral” zone, increases at either extreme

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13
Q

ectotherms

A

overall metabolism increases proportionally

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14
Q

acute changes in enviromental temperature

A

ectotherm
endotherm

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15
Q

acute changes in eating a meal

A

overall metabolism increases and shifts towards anabolism

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16
Q

acute changes in environmental oxygen content

A

threshold minimum value- metabolism is unaffected above and down-regulated below

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17
Q

acute changes in time of day

A

higher during times of activity

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18
Q

acute changes in water balance

A

higher outside of normal ranges

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19
Q

long term changes in age

A

-generally juveniles have the highest metabolic rates
-drops dramatically after puberty

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20
Q

long term changes in body size

A

-increases with body size
-mass-specific is more complex

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21
Q

what is catabolism used for

A

supply the energy needed to perform work

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22
Q

what is heat produces as

A

a byproduct ( inefficiency)
can be used for thermoregulation

23
Q

nutrient pools are available for immediate use of

A

free fatty acids pool
glucose pool
amino acid pool

24
Q

free fatty acids pool

A

beta oxidation

25
Q

glucose pool

A

glycolysis wth or without respiratoin
-glucose is stored as glycogen

26
Q

amino acid pool

A

trans-amination or deamination

27
Q

fed state of free fatty acids

A

converted into fats (lipogeneisis)

28
Q

fasted state of free fatty acids

A

liberated from fats (lipolysis)

29
Q

fed state of glucose

A

stored away as glycogen (glycogenesis)

30
Q

fasted state of glucose

A

broken out from glycogen (glycogenolysis)

31
Q

other storage of glucose

A

excess converted to fat (lipogenesis)

32
Q

fed state of amino acids

A

used to build proteins

33
Q

fasted state of amino acids

A

broken out from proteins

34
Q

other storage of amino acids

A

some can be used to make glucose ( gluconeogenesis)

35
Q

what is fuel and pathway selection determine by?

A

the rate at which resources and oxygen can be supplied

36
Q

upregulation of circulatory and respiratory acitivty requires

A

lead in time

37
Q

oxygen will be limited at the onset of work but it requires

A

anaerobic process

38
Q

oxygen deficit

A

work exceeds oxygen delivery

39
Q

equilibrium

A

ventilation and caridac output rise to mathc needs (up to maximal exercise)

40
Q

EPOC

A

excessice post-excercise oxygen consumption
-time lag in parasympathetic activity

41
Q

two competing behavioral states

A

appetite ( or hunger)
satiety

42
Q

what two control centers does the hypothalamus contain

A

feeding center
satiety center

43
Q

glucostatic theory

A

glucose metabolism by hypthalamic centers regulates food intake

44
Q

lipostatic theory

A

signals from fat stoes to the brain modulate eating behavior to maintain a particular weight
-apidocytokines and peptide hormones
-leptin, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1

45
Q

endocrine pancreas secreates

A

hormones insulin and glucagon

46
Q

metabolism is controled primarily by

A

the ratio of these hormones

47
Q

in fed state insulin

A

dominates

48
Q

in fasted state glucagon

A

dominates

49
Q

effects of insulin

A
  1. increases glucose transport into most, but not all insulin -sensitive cells
    2.enhances cellular utilization and stoarge of glucose
    3.enhaces utilzation of amino acids
    4.promotes fat synthesis
50
Q

what happens in liver hepatocytes fasted state

A

hepatocyte makes glucose and transport it out into the blood using GLUT2 transporters

51
Q

what happens in liver heptocytes fed state

A

glucose concentration gradiwnt reverses, and glucose enters the hepatocyte

52
Q

adipose and resting skeletal muscle fasted state

A

in the absence of insulin there are no CLUT4 transporters in the membrane

53
Q

adipose and resting skeletal muscle fed state

A

insulin signals the cell to insert GLUT4 transporters into the membrane, allowing glucose to enter cell

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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