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Cognition and emotion > Quiz 5 readings > Flashcards

Quiz 5 readings Flashcards

1
Q

Serial position curve study

A
  • Distinction between STM and LTM

Ppts read list of words and are asked to recall what they remembered.

Results: memory is better for words at the beginning of the list and words at the end.

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2
Q

Coding

A

The form in which the stimuli are presented

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3
Q

Visual coding in STM example

A

Recalling Visual Patterns study

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4
Q

Auditory coding in STM example

A

Phonological similarity effect study

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5
Q

Semantic coding in STM example

A

Participants were presented with words related to either:
a) fruits
b) professions

Ppts in each group listened to 3 words from their category.

Meaning was attributed as such proactive inference impacted performance except when the category of words changed which improved performance again

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6
Q

Sachs study (Galileo) - semantic coding in LTM

A

Read a passage. Then asked which of the following statements had been presented in the passage in the same exact words.

Results: ppts could mostly identify the correct one but they confused it with the other 2 sentences that had the same meaning but different wording

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7
Q

Which is the most likely form of coding for LTM tasks?

A

semantic

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8
Q

Neuropsychology: HM

A
  • Inability to form new long-term memories
  • STM intact

Showed role of hippocampus in forming new long-term memories

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9
Q

Neuropsychology: Clive Wearing

A

Problems with LTM but STM was okay

Hippocampus is crucial for LTM but not STM

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10
Q

Neuropsychology: the cases of Clive Wearing and HM show that…

A

LTM is represented in the hippocampus

  • Hippocampus is not crucial for STM
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11
Q

K.F

A

Good LTM but bad STM

  • STM linked to auditory cortex
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12
Q

The cases of Clive Wearing and HM show a single dissociation. Which case makes it a double dissociation?

A

K.F case

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13
Q

P.V showed that

A

an intact STM is not needed to form associations between items of which the meaning is already known

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14
Q

What is an alternative explanation for people with low digit span other than a problem with the STM system? And what can this mean for assumed double associations?

A

Another explanation can be that the person has a deficit in auditory coding and the phonological rehearsal process but not the STM in general. (Most info in STM is rehearsed acoustically)

  • This means that when assuming double association caution is needed because the problem may be other than the overall STM. (separation between the 2 not so straightforward)
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15
Q

Face study: brain imaging

A

Sequence of stimuli presented to participants while having their brain scanned. A sample face was presented and then a test face after delay.

Then they had to decide whether it matched the sample face.

1) “novel” condition: seeing face for first time
2) “familiar” condition: they saw faces they had seen previous to the experiment

Results: Activity in hippocampus increased when they were holding novel faces in their memory during the delay

  • Hippocampus also somewhat relevant for STM
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16
Q

The defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves…

A

mental time travel

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17
Q

Mental time travel

A

the experience of travelling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past
- Self-knowing or remembering

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18
Q

Main difference between autobiographical memory and episodic memory

A

Episodic memory also involves conscious recall or recognition of previously presented material

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19
Q

Neuropsychology: K.C

A

Damaged hippocampus
- Lost episodic memory
- Intact semantic memory

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20
Q

Neuropsychology: Italian woman

A
  • No semantic memories
  • Intact episodic memories
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21
Q

Neuropsychology: K.C and the Italian woman make a…

A

double dissociation

  • K.C intact semantic
  • Italian intact episodic
22
Q

Episodic and semantic memory - memory and aging

A

Episodic memory: remains stable as we grow and then quick decline

Semantic memory: increases as we grow and then declines

23
Q

Brain imaging

A

Asked ppts to keep diaries on audiotape about everyday personal events and facts drawn from semantic knowledge.

When listening to recording later:
A) Everyday events = autobiographical memories
B) Other recordings = facts.

Results: there is some overlap between activation caused by episodic and semantic memories but there are also major differences.

24
Q

Interactions between episodic and semantic memory

A
  1. Knowledge affect experience
  2. Autobiographical memory contains semantic and episodic
    (personal semantic memories)
25
Q

Personal semantic memories

A

Memory that includes semantic components but is associated with personal experiences

26
Q

Study showing interaction between semantic and episodic

A

Tested people’s ability to remember names of public figures

Result: recall was better for names of people who had higher autobiographical significance

27
Q

Changes of semantic and episodic memories over time. Study

A

Presented ppts with descriptions of events that had happened 50 years ago

They had to respond with remember or know.

Remember: if personal experience associated w event
Know: familiar w event but can’t recall personal experience

“Remember” memories decreased more over time - loss of episodic details

  • Semanticization of remote memories
28
Q

Semanticization of remote memories

A

Loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events

29
Q

Sparrow - does the internet weaken our memory? (study) - 2nd experiment

A

2nd experiment:
Given statements they could type in computer

A) space bar saves info
B) space bar deleted previous info
- Some told to remember the info

Recognition test without access to material
- Performance best for those who knew info would be deleted with space bar (whether they were meant to learn info or not)

30
Q

Sparrow - does the internet weaken our memory? (study) - 3rd and 4th experiment

A

Read and typed statements. After typing each statement they saw either
A) your entry has been erased
B) your entry has been saved
C) your entry has been saved into the folder FACTS (or DATA, INFO…)

Then, recognition task in which half statements were same as before and others slightly changed.

  1. Is this statement exactly as the one you read?
    - People who erased responded better
  2. Was this statement saved or erased?
    - Ppts knew which items were saved but not as good at remembering what was erased

Results: when u can’t access info in future, you remember info, when you can access in the future, you remember you can access

  1. If info was saved, what folder was it saved to?
    - Not good at answering this question

4th experiment
- If you don’t know the what you know the where

31
Q

Clive Wearing and H.M still had intact procedural memory

A

Clive - played piano
H.M - good mirror drawing

32
Q

Priming

A

when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus

33
Q

Repetition priming

A

occurs when the test stimulus is the same
as, or resembles, the priming stimulus

34
Q

Lexical decision task

A

Participants have to indicate as quickly as possible whether a presented letter string is a word or a non-word

35
Q
A
  1. Amnesics with Korsakoff’s
  2. Patients without amnesia
  3. Amnesia patients no alcoholism

Read list of words and rate how much they liked them
1. test of explicit memory (recall words)
2. implicit memory (word completion test)

Amnesics did worse with explicit (recall words)

Amnesics did well in implicit (word completion) - due to priming

36
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

associated with alcohol abuse and eliminates the ability to form new long-term memories

37
Q

Advertisement and priming study

A

Ppts scanned articles in a magazine. Ppts were not told to pay attention to ads.
Later asked to rate ads on various dimensions
- Gave higher ratings to the ones they had just been exposed to

  • Propaganda effect
38
Q

Propaganda effect

A

participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before

39
Q

Imagining the future is related to what type of memory?

A

episodic memory

40
Q

Study about imagining the future (areas of the brain)

A

the same areas of the brain active when imagining the past were also active when imagining the future
- Prefrontal cortex
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus

These regions were not active in the same way when imagining facts or a person from their past

41
Q

constructive ­ episodic simulation hypothesis

A

which states that
episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.

42
Q

Schacter suggests that episodic future thinking may also play a role in:

A
  1. temporal discounting (going for larger reward in future than smaller in present)
  2. emotion regulation (regulating fears of future)
  3. prospective memory (improving the ability to remember to carry out an action in
    the future)
  4. spatial navigation
43
Q

prospective memory

A

improving the ability to remember to carry out an action in
the future

44
Q

in order to for us to think about the personal future, what systems do we need to be functioning?

A

episodic and semantic memory systems

45
Q

Critical lure

A

False memory that occurs because you associate an item with another

46
Q

DRM paradigm

A

This paradigm demonstrates how people can falsely recall or recognize words, events, or concepts that were not actually presented but are semantically related to presented items.

47
Q

Misinformation effect (misleading post-event information or MPI)

A

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event that can change how the person describes that event later

48
Q

MPI on memory changes

A
  1. MPI as causing interference
    Original information is forgotten because of retroactive inference (recent learning interferes w old)
  2. MPI as causing source monitoring erros
49
Q

Cognitive interview

A

involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption. It uses
techniques that help witnesses rebuild the situation present at the crime scene by having
them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things.

50
Q

3 categories of 7 sins of memory

A

1) forgetting
2) distortion
3) persistence

Cognition and emotion (7 decks)

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