Quiz 5 readings Flashcards
Serial position curve study
- Distinction between STM and LTM
Ppts read list of words and are asked to recall what they remembered.
Results: memory is better for words at the beginning of the list and words at the end.
Coding
The form in which the stimuli are presented
Visual coding in STM example
Recalling Visual Patterns study
Auditory coding in STM example
Phonological similarity effect study
Semantic coding in STM example
Participants were presented with words related to either:
a) fruits
b) professions
Ppts in each group listened to 3 words from their category.
Meaning was attributed as such proactive inference impacted performance except when the category of words changed which improved performance again
Sachs study (Galileo) - semantic coding in LTM
Read a passage. Then asked which of the following statements had been presented in the passage in the same exact words.
Results: ppts could mostly identify the correct one but they confused it with the other 2 sentences that had the same meaning but different wording
Which is the most likely form of coding for LTM tasks?
semantic
Neuropsychology: HM
- Inability to form new long-term memories
- STM intact
Showed role of hippocampus in forming new long-term memories
Neuropsychology: Clive Wearing
Problems with LTM but STM was okay
Hippocampus is crucial for LTM but not STM
Neuropsychology: the cases of Clive Wearing and HM show that…
LTM is represented in the hippocampus
- Hippocampus is not crucial for STM
K.F
Good LTM but bad STM
- STM linked to auditory cortex
The cases of Clive Wearing and HM show a single dissociation. Which case makes it a double dissociation?
K.F case
P.V showed that
an intact STM is not needed to form associations between items of which the meaning is already known
What is an alternative explanation for people with low digit span other than a problem with the STM system? And what can this mean for assumed double associations?
Another explanation can be that the person has a deficit in auditory coding and the phonological rehearsal process but not the STM in general. (Most info in STM is rehearsed acoustically)
- This means that when assuming double association caution is needed because the problem may be other than the overall STM. (separation between the 2 not so straightforward)
Face study: brain imaging
Sequence of stimuli presented to participants while having their brain scanned. A sample face was presented and then a test face after delay.
Then they had to decide whether it matched the sample face.
1) “novel” condition: seeing face for first time
2) “familiar” condition: they saw faces they had seen previous to the experiment
Results: Activity in hippocampus increased when they were holding novel faces in their memory during the delay
- Hippocampus also somewhat relevant for STM
The defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves…
mental time travel
Mental time travel
the experience of travelling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past
- Self-knowing or remembering
Main difference between autobiographical memory and episodic memory
Episodic memory also involves conscious recall or recognition of previously presented material
Neuropsychology: K.C
Damaged hippocampus
- Lost episodic memory
- Intact semantic memory
Neuropsychology: Italian woman
- No semantic memories
- Intact episodic memories
Neuropsychology: K.C and the Italian woman make a…
double dissociation
- K.C intact semantic
- Italian intact episodic
Episodic and semantic memory - memory and aging
Episodic memory: remains stable as we grow and then quick decline
Semantic memory: increases as we grow and then declines
Brain imaging
Asked ppts to keep diaries on audiotape about everyday personal events and facts drawn from semantic knowledge.
When listening to recording later:
A) Everyday events = autobiographical memories
B) Other recordings = facts.
Results: there is some overlap between activation caused by episodic and semantic memories but there are also major differences.
Interactions between episodic and semantic memory
- Knowledge affect experience
- Autobiographical memory contains semantic and episodic
(personal semantic memories)
Personal semantic memories
Memory that includes semantic components but is associated with personal experiences
Study showing interaction between semantic and episodic
Tested people’s ability to remember names of public figures
Result: recall was better for names of people who had higher autobiographical significance
Changes of semantic and episodic memories over time. Study
Presented ppts with descriptions of events that had happened 50 years ago
They had to respond with remember or know.
Remember: if personal experience associated w event
Know: familiar w event but can’t recall personal experience
“Remember” memories decreased more over time - loss of episodic details
- Semanticization of remote memories
Semanticization of remote memories
Loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events
Sparrow - does the internet weaken our memory? (study) - 2nd experiment
2nd experiment:
Given statements they could type in computer
A) space bar saves info
B) space bar deleted previous info
- Some told to remember the info
Recognition test without access to material
- Performance best for those who knew info would be deleted with space bar (whether they were meant to learn info or not)
Sparrow - does the internet weaken our memory? (study) - 3rd and 4th experiment
Read and typed statements. After typing each statement they saw either
A) your entry has been erased
B) your entry has been saved
C) your entry has been saved into the folder FACTS (or DATA, INFO…)
Then, recognition task in which half statements were same as before and others slightly changed.
- Is this statement exactly as the one you read?
- People who erased responded better - Was this statement saved or erased?
- Ppts knew which items were saved but not as good at remembering what was erased
Results: when u can’t access info in future, you remember info, when you can access in the future, you remember you can access
- If info was saved, what folder was it saved to?
- Not good at answering this question
4th experiment
- If you don’t know the what you know the where
Clive Wearing and H.M still had intact procedural memory
Clive - played piano
H.M - good mirror drawing
Priming
when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus
Repetition priming
occurs when the test stimulus is the same
as, or resembles, the priming stimulus
Lexical decision task
Participants have to indicate as quickly as possible whether a presented letter string is a word or a non-word
- Amnesics with Korsakoff’s
- Patients without amnesia
- Amnesia patients no alcoholism
Read list of words and rate how much they liked them
1. test of explicit memory (recall words)
2. implicit memory (word completion test)
Amnesics did worse with explicit (recall words)
Amnesics did well in implicit (word completion) - due to priming
Korsakoff’s syndrome
associated with alcohol abuse and eliminates the ability to form new long-term memories
Advertisement and priming study
Ppts scanned articles in a magazine. Ppts were not told to pay attention to ads.
Later asked to rate ads on various dimensions
- Gave higher ratings to the ones they had just been exposed to
- Propaganda effect
Propaganda effect
participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before
Imagining the future is related to what type of memory?
episodic memory
Study about imagining the future (areas of the brain)
the same areas of the brain active when imagining the past were also active when imagining the future
- Prefrontal cortex
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
These regions were not active in the same way when imagining facts or a person from their past
constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
which states that
episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.
Schacter suggests that episodic future thinking may also play a role in:
- temporal discounting (going for larger reward in future than smaller in present)
- emotion regulation (regulating fears of future)
- prospective memory (improving the ability to remember to carry out an action in
the future) - spatial navigation
prospective memory
improving the ability to remember to carry out an action in
the future
in order to for us to think about the personal future, what systems do we need to be functioning?
episodic and semantic memory systems
Critical lure
False memory that occurs because you associate an item with another
DRM paradigm
This paradigm demonstrates how people can falsely recall or recognize words, events, or concepts that were not actually presented but are semantically related to presented items.
Misinformation effect (misleading post-event information or MPI)
Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event that can change how the person describes that event later
MPI on memory changes
- MPI as causing interference
Original information is forgotten because of retroactive inference (recent learning interferes w old) - MPI as causing source monitoring erros
Cognitive interview
involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption. It uses
techniques that help witnesses rebuild the situation present at the crime scene by having
them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things.
3 categories of 7 sins of memory
1) forgetting
2) distortion
3) persistence
