Quiz 5 Flashcards
Longterm memory
The system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time.
Two types of memory:
- Explicit
- Implicit
Explicit memory
Declarative knowledge
- Facts and events
Measure: Conscious recollection
Implicit memory
Includes procedural knowledge
- How to - process
Includes unconscious learning
- Classical and operant conditioning
Includes unconscious influence of learning
- Priming
Measure: unconscious
Types of explicit memory
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
Types of implicit memory
- Procedural memory
- Priming
- Classical conditioning
How can you test explicit memory?
- Recall
- Recognition
Semantic memories
Memory for facts, accessing knowledge about the world without personal experience
“Know”
Episodic memories
Memory for specific experiences in the past, mental time travel - or self-knowing and remembering
“Remember”
Knowing who is the queen of England. What type of memory is that?
Semantic
Knowing that 2+2 = 4. What type of memory is that?
Semantic
Recalling your vacation to California last summer. What type of memory is that?
Episodic
Knowing how to use chopsticks. What type of memory is that?
Implicit
Procedural memory
Memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills
Strategies to create strong encoding - Elaborative rehearsal
- Personalization (self-reference effect and enactment effect)
- Self-generation (enactment effect)
- Make it visual
- Emotional arousal
- Organizing structure
Strategies to improve retrieval
- Context cues
- Encoding specificity
- State-dependent learning
- Transfer-appropriate processing
Encoding
The process of acquiring information and transferring into LTM
Storage
The act of maintaining information in our LTM
Retrieval
Accessing and transferring information from LTM to WM
The encoding and the retrieval process are key inflection points for…
influencing whether you remember something
Does simple repetition work in LTM?
No
Elaborative repetition
Repeating info and elaborating on it
Levels of processing experiment
Shown info and then asked was it written in capital letters?
Then asked to recall the words that were seen
- Memory worst when asked about visual info rather than meaning
Conclusion: different levels of recall for different levels of encoding info
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition without any meaning/connections
(Stays while rehearsing but doesn’t typically stick)
Elaborative rehearsal
Rehearsal which involves meaning construction
(Stays while rehearsing and sticks)
Self reference effect
People remember information that they relate to themselves better than information they don’t
Personalized/Self-reference effect study
Whether a word described you or not - People remembered these words better than those in other conditions (even better than meaning)
Enactment effect
When you do something with an object, you remember it
- When you do it you remember
- Engaging with material
Self-generated effect study
People remembered better words that they generated (fill in the blank) rather than just read
Self generation effect
People remember information they generate better than information they passively consume
Imagery experiment
Presented with nouns like boat and tree
- In one condition they were asked to form a mental picture of the two images interacting
- People who formed image performed better than people who just rehearsed words
Emotions and memory
Emotions can be associated with better memory, but it depends on the specific situation and what we mean by “better”
Emotion study
People are asked to remember different sorts of info
- When info is emotional it is recalled better right after and even a year later
Organization and memory
People remember more information if it is presented/studied in an organized format
Organization study
People given a text to read without a title or explanation of what it is. They recalled less about the text when they did not know what it was about
Most of our failures of memory are…
failures to retrieve
Cued recall
- Cue presented to aid recall
- Increased performance over free recall
- Retrieval cues most effective when created by the person who uses them
Encoding specificity
We encode information along with its context
Encoding specificity study
- Studying under water better recall under water
- Studying in land better recall in land
State-dependent learning
Memory will be better when a person’s internal state during retrieval matches their mood during encoding
State-dependent learning study mood
- Studying sad and taking a test while sad better retrieval
- Studying happy and taking the test happy better retrieval
State-dependent learning study state
- If you study high or smoke a cigarette while studying you will perform better if you’re high or smoking a cigarette
Transfer-appropriate processing
Participants performance is better when the retrieval tasks matches the encoding tasks - and specifically if the same type of processing is used at retrieval as at encoding
Transfer-appropriate processing study
- Rhyming-based encoding and rhyming-based retrieval better performance
- Rhyming-based encoding and meaning-based encoding worse performance
Rereading vs testing study (testing improves memory)
Participants were asked to read a passage and solve math problems
1. Testing + testing
2. Rereading passage + testing
- Testing group did better 2 days after and a week after
Conclusion: retrieving makes the remembered info more retrievable
Why does testing improve memory
- Generation effect
- Personalization
- Simulation (and enactment effect)
- Encoding specificity
- Transfer-appropriate processing
- Creates loss aversion
- Reduces overconfidence
Illusion of knowing/illusions of learning
- Some study techniques appear more effective than they actually are
Rereading and reviewing highlights produces fluency and familiarity but not understanding
Study of other studying misconceptions
- Retrieval practice will help you remember more words than restudying
- Spaced studying over days will help you remember better than massed (and interleaved)
Network of learned associations (Encoding)
- Things that fire together, wire together
- The more often it fires, the stronger the link
- The stronger the link, the more defining the feature
Hebbian Principle
Things that fire together, wire together
Synaptic change
The more often it fires, the stronger the link
- Structural changes at the synapse occurring due to repeated activation
Synaptic consolidation
Learning and memory in the brain occur due to physiological changes in the synapse. New memories are formed not by formation of new cells but by strengthening of connections between already existing neurons.
Retrieving network
- Concept is activated
- Activation spreads
- Spreads to strongest links
Implication of retrieving network
When you activate one concept it activates others that are most closely linked in the network. These then come to mind as well.
What determines what comes to mind when retrieving information?
- Strength of link
(stronger associations) - Breadth of cues
(lots of activated connections = lots of retrieval cues) - Recency of activation
(the more recent the activation, the more residual activation remains, the easier to re-activate, even if not the strongest association)
Forgetting curve
Learned non-sense syllables to perfection
- Within and hour more than half forgotten
- Within a month only remembered 20%
What do we remember?
- We remember important details