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Cognition and emotion > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is one example that shows how complex perception is?

A

Training computers that are accurate in identifying objects in our environment

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2
Q

Sensation

A

The transformation of information from external input into sensory representations

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3
Q

5 sensory organs

A
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Mouth
  • Touch
  • Nose
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4
Q

Each organ translates a different type of

A

input

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Converting from natural state to neural signal/impulse

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6
Q

Perception

A

Transformation of information from sensation (sensory organ) to object recognition

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7
Q

Study of perception

A

The study of the transmissions of information from sensory input to object recognition

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8
Q

Steps of perception

A
  1. Distal stimulus
  2. Proximal stimulus
  3. Percept
  4. Mental representation
  5. Behavior
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9
Q

Distal stimulus

A

External input

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10
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Sense organs

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11
Q

Percept

A

Experience (or perception)

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12
Q

Direct Perception by James Gibson

A

What you see is what you get
- Innate mechanisms forged by evolution
- No learning is required

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13
Q

Theory of Constructivism

A

Stimulus from environment is often ambiguous so to interpret it we need information from past experiences or knowledge to make inferences about what we perceive

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14
Q

Which theory argues that input is “incomplete”?

A

Theory of constructivism

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15
Q

Which theory argues that what we perceive is the reality?

A

Direct perception theory

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16
Q

Bottom-up

A

Information processing driven by stimulus data only
- Physical stimuli coming in

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17
Q

Is Theory of direct perception bottom-up, top-down, or both?

A

Bottom-up

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18
Q

Why is Theory of direct perception bottom-up?

A

Because it does not take into account prior knowledge or past experience, instead it simply takes what comes in and that is what we see.
- Stimulus driven

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19
Q

Top-down

A

Information processing driven by prior knowledge and expectations

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20
Q

Is Theory of Constructivism bottom-up, top-down, or both?

A

Both

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21
Q

Why is Theory of Constructivism both bottom-up and top-down?

A

Because it processes what is out there but we also need to interpret it with our past experiences

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22
Q

Examples that go against Gibson’s direct perception theory

A
  1. Poggendorf’s Illusion (which line continues?)
  2. White’s illusion (which grey is darker?)
  3. Zollner Illusion (are lines parallel?)
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23
Q

Lack of correspondence

A

When one’s mental representation (percept) does not correspond to the distal stimulus

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24
Q

Evidence for constructivism

A
  1. Lack of correspondence (we don’t see what is really there)
  2. Paradoxical correspondence (we see what is there)
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25
Q

Paradoxical correspondence

A

When the proximal stimulus DOES NOT correspond to the distal stimulus, BUT the mental representation (percept) DOES correspond to the distal

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26
Q

Example of paradoxical correspondence

A

When a car drives a way you don’t perceive it as shrinking even though it looks smaller, you perceive it as driving away

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27
Q

Paradoxical correspondence is evidence for constructivism because…

A

Because it shows that the brain uses prior knowledge and context to create perception

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28
Q

Why does lack of correspondence support constructivism?

A

It shows that perception can be inaccurate when sensory input alone is not sufficient - thus showing that interpretation and knowledge are important

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29
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

The tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance or lighting

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30
Q

Perceptual constancies

A
  1. Color
  2. Shape
  3. Size
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31
Q

Perceptual constancy is when a mental representation of a distal stimulus remains…

A

constant even when the corresponding proximal stimulus change

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32
Q

Problems in transmission refers to…

A

Lack of correspondence

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33
Q

Corrections in transmission

A

Paradoxical correspondence

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34
Q

Problem of perception

A

The sensory information is incomplete

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35
Q

Sensory information is incomplete because…

A
  1. Too much sensory input (bottleneck theory)
  2. Inconsistent input
  3. Imperfect representation of input
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36
Q

Bottleneck theory

A

People have a limited amount of attentional resources that they can use at one time. Thus, the information and stimuli are filtered so only the most important is processed.

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37
Q

Perception depends on both … and … processes

A

bottom-up and top-down

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38
Q

Around what age do we learn depth cues

A

1st year

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39
Q

It is not until the child learns to move around on its own that it learns to use visual information from the environment to perceive…

A

depth

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40
Q

We receive … from our senses and we … for it using …

A

imperfect information
correct
experience and knowledge

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41
Q

Monocular cues (static)

A

Cues that can be used for depth perception that involve using only one eye.
- Allow us to convert 2D in our retina to 3D representation of our percept

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42
Q

List the monocular cues

A
  • Linear perspective
  • Texture
  • Aerial perspective
  • Relative size
  • Interposition
  • Shadows
  • Accomodation
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43
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance

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44
Q

Texture gradient

A
  1. The texture of an object becomes less and less apparent the farther it goes into the distance
  2. The shapes in foreground appear larger, and shapes in the background appear more compressed
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45
Q

Aerial perspective

A

The atmosphere diffuses light such that things closer to you are clearer than the things further away

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46
Q

Relative size

A

If two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being the closest to the observer

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47
Q

Interposition

A

When one object overlaps another, the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away

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48
Q

Shadow

A

We assume that light is coming in from above

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48
Q

Accommodation

A

Near - lens is rounder
Far - lens flat

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49
Q

Binocular cues

A
  • Retina disparity
  • Convergence
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50
Q

Retinal (binocular) disparity

A

retinas (left and right) get different views of the same scene. The brain takes the difference to compute where things are in space

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51
Q

Convergence

A

The muscles that control your eyes - can be used to interpret

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52
Q

How do we construct perception

A
  1. Sensations
  2. Attention
  3. Experience
  4. Knowledge
  5. Current state
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53
Q

Prior experiences that change what we perceive

A
  1. preference for movement from left to right (reading)
  2. higher purchase intent based on handedness
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54
Q

Knowledge can change what you say you perceive

A

Knowing what is more expensive can change what you say you like

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55
Q

Mood affects perception

A

Height overestimation may be due, in part, to fear

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56
Q

Current state

A
  • Mood
  • Action or ability to act
  • Need
  • Bodily state
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56
Q

Action or ability to act affects perception

A
  • Ex. if you are carrying heavy backpack you will perceive a hill as steeper because you feel less capable of climbing
  • After shooting goal those who missed most goal was perceived as smaller
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57
Q

Need affects perception

A

Water more appealing when closer, less perceived distance

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58
Q

Bodily state affects perception

A

The way you are carrying your body influences perception (ex. smiling)

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59
Q

A Freudian psychologist gives a client the Rorschach Inkblot Test. The client views an abstract drawing and is asked what she sees. The client says, “ I see my mother and father fighting”. This is best explained by:

A

Constructivist theory

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60
Q

percept =/ distal

A

lack of correspondence

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61
Q

percept = distal =/ proximal

A

paradoxical correspondence

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62
Q

Bottomless bowl experiment

A

People wit bottomless bowl ate way more but thought they ate around the same as the other group (underestimated amount of food)

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63
Q

Sensory marketing

A

marketing designated to engage the costumers senses and affect their perception, judgement and behavior

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64
Q

Levers in sensory marketing

A
  • Motion
  • Sight
  • Sound
  • Aroma
  • Design
  • Texture
  • Color
  • Interactivity
  • Touch
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65
Q

Sensory branding

A

Type of marketing that appeals to all the senses in relation to the brand

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66
Q

Sensory tactics are impacting…

A
  • Awareness
  • Recall
  • Mood
  • Need
  • Preference
  • Decision making
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67
Q

The power of smell - cleaning spray

A

Testing room with scented cleaning material vs unscented. Came up with more words and things to do related to cleaning. Cleaned up more after eating cookie.

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68
Q

The power of smell - wipes

A

Scented wipes more pleasant, stronger wipes, more effective and gentle and more purchase intention

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69
Q

The power of touch - coffee

A

Hot coffee - think the person who hands the coffee has warmer personality

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70
Q

The power of touch - pad

A

Hot pad more likely to give reward to friend

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71
Q

The power of touch: tactile warmth made people see metaphorical…

A

warmth in others and act in warmer ways

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72
Q

The power of music - wine

A

can increase sales of french wine by playing french music and german wines by playing german music

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73
Q

The power of sound - ice cream

A
  • Front vowels: smaller and less powerful
  • Back vowels: larger and more powerful
    More wanted the frosh (back)
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74
Q

The power of touch - physical contact

A

small physical contact can increase likelihood to buy, try and buy a food

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75
Q

People prefer drinking wine from…

A

a more elongated glass

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76
Q

Example of senses not always working in the way you think it should - wine glass

A

Wine glass - elongated preferred but they feel less satisfied after

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77
Q

Example of senses not always working in the way you think it should - juice

A

Most difference in perception due to color difference (more than price and quality)

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78
Q

Why does sensory marketing not always work in the way we think it should?

A

Because sensation is not equal to perception

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79
Q

Popsicle case - marketing does not always work the way we think it should

A

Strawberry flavor
- Yellow popsicle too acidic

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80
Q

color flavors change our expectations and

A

change how we taste food

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81
Q

coffee in white mug tasted less sweet than in

A

transparent or blue mug

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82
Q

7up has a more lemon-limey taste when more yellow was

A

added to the packaging

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83
Q

strawberry mousse tasted better on a white round plate than

A

on a black square plate

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84
Q

Expectations bias sensory representations both

A

prior and during evidence accumulation

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85
Q

cross cultural differences affecting perception

A
  • westerns focus on location based on right, left, up, down
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86
Q

Everyone experiences perceptual constancies and perceptual biases…

A

the same way

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87
Q

Interaction of color and

A

taste

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88
Q

Interaction of size and

A

color

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89
Q

Krishna experiment (car and heating pad)

A

Adding cinnamon to car (for funerals) and back heating pad - cinnamon makes people perceive heating pad works better but no difference on car

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90
Q

Superadditive IKEA

A

Scent and light (interaction) combination created a 50% increase in sales

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91
Q

Subadditive

A

Music + scent (interaction) combined decreased unplanned purchases

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92
Q

iPhone vs Nokia

A

Nokia (authentic brand) - congruent
Apple (exciting brand) - incongruent

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93
Q

What are the two things that determine perceived size?

A
  1. Size of proximal stimulus (retina representation)
  2. Depth cues to compute distance
94
Q

The visual system must have both …. and …. in order to determine the true size of an object

A
  • size of proximal stimulus
  • depth cues to compute distance
95
Q

Which best describes how depth can be determined based on binocular convergence

A

The amount of muscle movement required to turn the eyes inward/outward

96
Q

The process of perception

A
  1. Color encoding
  2. Feature encoding
  3. Object encoding
  4. Object Recognition
97
Q

What is the transmission of information in the visual system

A
  1. Light - retina
  2. Layer 1 - Layer 2 - Layer 3
  3. Layer 3 - Thalamus (LGN) - Visual cortex (V1)
  4. Visual cortex
    - Parietal lobe
    - Temporal lobe
98
Q

How is information represented in this part of the visual system?

A
  • Layer 1 (photoreceptors)
  • Layer 3 (ganglion cells)
  • Visual cortex
99
Q

Transmission of information: light from distal to eye

A
  1. Light is emitted by light source
  2. Some frequencies of light are absorbed by a distal stimulus
  3. Other frequencies of light are reflected
  4. Some of this light reaches our eyes
100
Q

Which is the area of the retina with highest concentration of cones?

A

Fovea

101
Q

transmission: light from cornea to retina

A
  1. cornea
  2. pupil
  3. lens
  4. retina
102
Q

What is the transmission of information in the visual system?

A

Light enters through the pupil into our eye and is refracted onto the retina on the back of the eye (light - cornea - pupil - lens - retina)

103
Q

Transmission in retina

A

Layer 1: photoreceptors
Layer 2: bipolar
Layer 3: ganglion

104
Q

From Layer 1 in the retina information is sent…

A

forward to layer 2 and 3 and then light goes back to retina and hits layer 1

105
Q

Representation of information in the retina

A

the retina is basically a two dimensional sheet of on-off like buttons/cells

106
Q

when the buttons/cells in the retina are active or inhibited they are…

A

ON

107
Q

when the buttons/cells in the retina are in a resting state they are…

A

OFF

108
Q

Visual field

A

The total area of space in which objects can be ‘detected and processed’

109
Q

Our visual field includes both what is captured in our

A

central and peripheral vision

110
Q

Visual receptive field:

A

a region of the visual field that is “processed by” a single neuron in the retina

111
Q

In the visual receptive field, the presence of a stimulus will alter…

A

the firing of one specific neuron

112
Q

Hubel and Wiesel - mapping the receptive field

A

Simple cells respond to what
Complex cells respond to where

113
Q

How do receptive fields in the retina contribute to the processing of visual information?

A

They break down visual stimuli into elementary features, such as edges and orientation.

114
Q

In which layer of the retina is light converted into neural signals, and the features of visual information are coded by cells?

A

Photoreceptor Layer

115
Q

Feature detection (decomposition)

A

Color
- Cones

Form
- High spatial resolution
- Low temporal resolution

Motion
- Low spatial resolution
- High temporal resolution

116
Q

What layer of the retina are rods and cones located in?

A

Layer 1 - Photoreceptor layer

117
Q

What layer of the retina is center-surround organization in?

A

Layer 3 - Ganglion

118
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

Cats - visual receptive field and visual field

119
Q

Cones

A
  • Color
  • Fovea
  • 3 types - B, G, R
120
Q

Cones: Their primary role is to enable us to see … … and to detect … … , especially in well-lit conditions.

A
  • in color
  • fine detail
121
Q

Cones are the … and rods are the …

A
  1. WHAT
  2. WHERE
122
Q

Cones work alongside rods, which are photoreceptors responsible for vision in … …. and are more sensitive to …. .

A
  • low light
  • movement
123
Q

Rods

A
  • Black and white - brightness
  • Periphery
124
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Traduce light energy into neural signal

125
Q

Which of the two (rods or cones), is located in the center of the retina (fovea)?

A

Cones

126
Q

Which of the two (rods or cones), is good for movement?

A

Rods

127
Q

Which of the two (rods or cones), has high sensitivity and low acuity?

A

Rods

128
Q

In feature detection which one of the following represents the WHAT?
a. Form
b. Motion
c. Color

A

A

129
Q

Compiling (abstraction) in the retina

A

Information gets put together and compiled to come up with an image

130
Q

Transmission involves the …

A

compilation of information from most basic to increasingly complex and abstracted representations

131
Q

In layer 1, light is converted into…

A

neural signal and the feature of the visual information in the environment are coded by the rods/cones in this layer of the retina

132
Q

In the layer 3 of the retina (ganglion cells), there are … types of … …

A
  • 2
  • receptive fields
133
Q

On-center/off-surround and off-center/on-surround is in the …

A

ganglion cells

134
Q

Information representation in the ganglion cells occurs through…

A

Center surround organization

135
Q

What are the two types of receptive fields in ganglion cells?

A
  1. On center, off surround
  2. Off center, on surround
136
Q

How is information coded in the ganglion cells?

A

Point detection
- Complimentary layering creating an overlap between the on-center and the off-center

137
Q

Contiguous cells have … receptive fields

A

contiguous

138
Q

Ganglion cells - White

A

large response by On-center

139
Q

Ganglion cells - Black

A

large response by Off- center

140
Q

Information consolidation

A

Lower layers of cells feed to higher layers and information gets condensed/compiled in this transmission process

141
Q

Transfromation: visual cortex (V1)

A

Simple, complex, hypercomplex

142
Q

Transmission: light - occipital cortex

A
  1. Rods and cones
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
  4. Lateral Geniculate (LGN)
  5. Occipital lobe
143
Q

Occipital lobe and occipital cortex

A

they are in the same area

144
Q

How is information coded in the visual cortex?

A

3 types of cells: simple, complex and hypercomplex

145
Q

Simple cell

A
  • Dot to lines
  • Input from LGN
  • Bar of light
  • Specific orientation
  • Specific retinal position (visual space)
146
Q

Complex cell

A
  • Input from simple cells
  • Bars of light anywhere
  • Absolute position does not matter
  • Some respond well to movement
  • Edge detection
147
Q

Hypercomplex cell

A
  • Input from complex
  • Specific sizes of bars of light
  • Some respond well to angles, corners and gaps
148
Q

How is information presented in this part of the visual system? (visual cortex)

A

Retina & LGN
- Position

Simple cells
- Bars & orientation

Complex cells
- Movement
- Edges

Hypercomplex
- Angles
- Corners

149
Q

Parvo

A

Patterns/color/form
- Sustained response
- Small receptive field
WHAT

150
Q

Magno

A

Movement/Location
- Transient response
- Larger receptive field
WHERE

151
Q

Information differentiation

A
  1. Light
  2. Rods and cones
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Ganglion cells
    - M cells
    - P cells
152
Q

The P cells of the retina are most likely to receive information from which type of cells?
A. Hypercomplex
B. Rods
C. Simple cortical cells
D. Cones

A

D. Cones

153
Q

M and P cells are … in the …

A
  1. Ganglion
  2. Retina
154
Q

Magno and Parvo cells are cells in separate layers of the …

A

LGN

155
Q

Kohler PET Study: Spatial vs Object

A

Spatial task: locations same or different?
Object task: objects same or different?

Results: parietal location, temporal object

156
Q

Dorsal stream “where”

A
  • Parietal lobe
  • Magno cells
157
Q

Ventral stream “what”

A
  • Temporal lobe
  • Parvo cells
158
Q

The “what” is put together with the “where” by…

A

synchrony

159
Q

The “what” is put together with the “where” by synchrony: when the … and … cells fire with the same ….

A
  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. rhythm
160
Q

Cortical specialization ventral face area

A
  • Fusiform gyrus: face area
  • Temporal lobe
161
Q

Need … of activation across a population of cells to recognize objects

A

patterns

162
Q

Pattern recognition

A

Must match the percept with the memory representation

163
Q

Challenge for pattern recognition

A
  1. We identify objects we have never seen before
  2. We recognize objects from different angles, when partially obscured and when incomplete
164
Q

Major challenge for pattern recognition

A

Shape constancy

165
Q

Feature theory

A

Recognizing patterns by identifying its features
- Percept and memory = lists of features

166
Q

Pandenomium model of Feature theory

A
  1. Image demon
  2. Feature demons
  3. Cognitive demons
  4. Decision demon
167
Q

Evidence for feature theory

A
  • Physiology (recordings from neurons)
  • Stabilized retinal images (things fade away if u dont blink)
  • Caricatures
168
Q

Stabilized retinal images

A
  • Circle goes away
  • BEER missing letters
169
Q

Evidence againts feature theory

A
  • Relationship among features matters (different arrangements of the same features produces different objects)
  • Natural objects (ex. the faces of people are hard to classify into features)
170
Q

Feature theory is a … theory

A

bottom-up

171
Q

Recognition-by-components theory is an example of a

A

structural theory

172
Q

Recognition-by-components main idea

A

we decompose an object into basic components, or primitives, which are called geons. Each representation is a list of the geons in the object and the relationship among the geons.

173
Q

What are geons?

A

They are a basic alphabet:primitive unit of analysis
- 3 dimensional shapes
- 100 different relations

174
Q

the RBC theory addresses the main limitations of feature theory because…

A

it includes the relationships between the different objects

175
Q

4 steps to matching in RBC theory

A
  1. Detect elementary features
  2. Find non-accidental properties
  3. Determine component geons
  4. Match geons to memory
176
Q

Non-accidental properties

A

Do not change from view to view (ex. square will always have the same amount of angles no matter how you look at it)

177
Q

Evidence for structural theory

A
  1. Partial or degraded objects
  2. Object complexity
  3. Unusual orientations
  4. Physiological evidence (monkey experiment)
178
Q

Biederman monkey experiment

A

Supports RBC
- Showed different objects to identify neuron that responds only to objects sharing certain geons

179
Q

Evidence against RBC theory

A
  • More brain evidence needed
  • Difficulty distinguishing similar objects
  • Can’t explain context effects (somethings is harder to recognize when it is out of place)
180
Q

Bottom-up theories

A
  • Feature theory
  • RBC theory
181
Q

Top-down processing: 2 types

A
  1. Expectation/bias (beer study)
  2. Context (ex. ambiguous letters and the cat)
182
Q

Agnosia

A

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.

183
Q

Akinetopsia

A

“motion blindness”, which is a higher visual processing disorder from an extra-striate lesion, in which a patient has difficulty specifically perceiving objects in motion with variable severity and rarely complete.

184
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Without our conscious awareness, our bodily sensations help determine the decisions we make

185
Q

Example of embodied cognition

A
  • Warm beverage - person more friendly
186
Q

Perception can involve a process similar to …

A

reasoning or problem solving

187
Q

Perception occurs in conjunction with…

A

action

188
Q

Difficulties involved in designing a “perceiving machine”

A
  1. The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
  2. Objects can be hidden or blurred
  3. Objects look different from different viewpoints
189
Q

What is the inverse projection problem?

A

A task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

190
Q

Do humans struggle with inverse projection problem?

A

No, computers do

191
Q

Viewpoint invariance

A

The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

192
Q

Bottom-up processing starts at the beginning of the system, when environmental energy…

A

stimulates the receptors

193
Q

Bottom-up examples: Perceiving objects and people

A
  1. ASK or 456
  2. Rice et al and Calbi et al
194
Q

Rice et al (2013) - identifying people

A

When facial features were ambiguous, participants used information from the body
- Participants were not aware that they were looking at body features, they thought they were looking at the faces

195
Q

Calbi et al - emotional expressions

A

The dynamic emotional context of short video fragments affected how participants rated the emotional expression of a neutral face
- Ex. in fear context neutral faces more negative

196
Q

Bottom-up examples: Hearing words in a sentence

A

If you speak the language - speech segmentation, if you do not unbroken string of sound

197
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Being able to tend where one word ends and the next one begins

198
Q

Bottom-up examples: Experiencing pain

A
  • Hospital study, placebo study and gaming study
199
Q

Hospital study

A

Surgical patients were told what to expect and were told to relax to alleviate pain. Patients requested less painkillers after surgery and were sent home earlier.

200
Q

Placebo studies - Finniss et al

A

Significant proportion of patients with pathological pain get real relief from taking placebo

201
Q

Nilsson study - gaming

A

Gaming can help reduce pain behavior and subjective distress in children undergoing wound care

202
Q

Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference

A
  • Said that image on the retina is ambiguous
  • Likelihood principle
  • Unconscious ineference
203
Q

Likelihood principle

A

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

204
Q

Unconscious inference

A

Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the enviornment

205
Q

The Gestalt principles of organization

A
  • The whole is more than the sum of its parts
    Visual perception is based on more than just the pattern of light and dark on the retina
206
Q

Principles of perceptual organization (Gestalt)

A
  • Principle of good continuation
  • Pragnanz
  • Similarity
207
Q

Principle of good continuation

A
  • Points that, when connected, result in
    straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen as to follow the smoothest path.
  • Objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object
208
Q

Principle of pragnanz (or good figure/simplicity)

A

the perceptual field
and objects within it will take on the simplest and most encompassing (ausgezeichnet) structure
permitted by the given conditions

209
Q

Similarity principle

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together
- Size, shape, orientation, enclosure or proximity

210
Q

Regularities of the environment

A

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently and therefore strongly influence what we expect to see

211
Q

Two types of regularities

A
  1. physical regularities
  2. semantic regularities
212
Q

Physical regularities

A

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
- Ex. there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique
- Ex. light from above

213
Q

Oblique effect

A

People can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations

214
Q

Semantic regularities

A

The characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.
Ex. airport: check-in, security, boarding…

215
Q

Scene schema

A

Knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

216
Q

Palmer - scene schema study

A

Presented a context scene such as a kitchen and then participants were asked to identify the object in the target picture like a loaf of bread.
- They identified the object more easily when the object fit the scene

217
Q

Bayesian inference

A

Our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors:
1. Prior: The prior probability or simply the prior
2. Likelihood:The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

218
Q

Prior probability or prior

A

Our initial belief about the probability of an outcome

219
Q

Radel and Clement-Guillotin study on role of motivation

A

Whether being hungry or not affected how quickly and how accurately food-related words are seen.
Food related words easier and better perceived by the hungry people.

220
Q

Nasr and Tootell - horizontal and vertical study humans

A

the PPA shows higher fMRI activity when things are presented in vertical and horizontal ways. More neurons respond to horizontals and verticals..

221
Q

Why are there more neurons that respond to horizontal and verticals?

A
  1. Theory of natural selection - Darwin
222
Q

The mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience is…

A

experience-dependent plasticity

223
Q

Blakemore and Cooper - cat shaping by experience

A

Cats that had been put in an environment with horizontal lines recognized those and ignored vertical after, and same the other way around

224
Q

Gauthier et al study of experience-dependent plasticity - faces

A

Learned Greeble faces and the fusiform face area (FFA) eventually learned to recognize them in the same way as faces

225
Q

Brain lesioning

A

The study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals

226
Q

Neuropsychology

A

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

227
Q

Ungerleider and Mishkin - monkey

A

Removed a part of the monkey’s brain which affected its ability to identify an object and where it is.
Temporal lobe - WHAT
Parietal lobe - WHERE (discrimination problem)

228
Q

What pathway

A

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe

229
Q

Where cortex

A

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe

230
Q

Visual agnosia

A

No longer could recognizing everyday objects, familiar faces and geometrical shapes, despite being
able to identify an object’s colour or visual texture. DAMAGE TO VENTRAL

231
Q

Inverse projection

A

Occurs because a huge number of possible objects could be associated with a particular image on the retina

232
Q

which type of cell does not take in info from the env

A

hypercomplex

232
Q

P cells are

A

SUSTAINED RESPONSE (long continuous firing)

233
Q

M cells are

A

TRANSIENT (short bursts)

Cognition and emotion (4 decks)

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