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Cognition and emotion > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is attention important?

A

Attention is a gateway to thinking

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2
Q

4 different types of attention

A
  1. Selective/focused
  2. Divided
  3. Orienting
  4. Preattentive
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3
Q

Selective/focused

A

Focuses on what is relevant and ignores what is not

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4
Q

Divided attention

A

Focus on multiple things at once

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5
Q

Orienting

A

An automatic shift in attention: unconscious, uncontrollable, immediate, powerful

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6
Q

Preattentive

A

When consciously focusing on one thing, other information is unconsciously processed

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7
Q

Impact of attention on sales

A

Attention converts to sales
- 1% increase in attention leads to 0.5% increase in sales

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8
Q

How does technology drain our attention?

A

Unlock, touch and check our phones an unbelievable amount of times per day

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9
Q

Times Square Demo

A

Looking at a video of Times Square and seeing how many ads you actually remembered after

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9
Q

Visual Search Task Paradigm (experiment)

A

For instance, a bunch of blue Ts and one red T. Stimulus that differed either on one feature or more

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10
Q

Visual Search Task Paradigm (experiment results)

A

Slower reaction time when identifying stimulus when there is:
1. multiple features
2. more number of items to search for

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11
Q

Visual Search Task - Controlled attention example

A

Finding a red L with red Ts and blue Ls

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12
Q

Visual Search Task - Controlled attention example

A

Finding the red letter, with a red L and blue Ls

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13
Q

Automatic processing is which type of system from the dual process model

A

System 1

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14
Q

Controlled processing is which type of system from the dual process model

A

System 2
- controlled
- slow
- effortful

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15
Q

Controlled attention is … of number of distractors

A

dependent

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16
Q

Automatic attention is … of number of distractors

A

independent

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17
Q

Characteristics of automatic attention

A
  • automatic
  • quick
  • not controlled
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18
Q

Characteristics of controlled attention

A
  • controlled
  • slow
  • effortful
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19
Q

Types of controlled attention

A
  1. Selective/focused
  2. Divided
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20
Q

Types of automatic attention

A
  1. Orienting
  2. Preattentive
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21
Q

Finding the red umbrella surrounded by black umbrellas (automatic or controlled)

A

Automatic

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22
Q

Find the word “and” in a set of text (automatic or controlled)

A

Controlled

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23
Q

How is selective attention tested?

A

Present two or more inputs and see how well people can concentrate on one and ignore the other

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24
Q

Question regarding selective attention

A

How good are people at concentrating on one stimulus and ignoring the second one?

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25
Q

How is divded attention tested?

A

Present 2 or more inputs and see how well people can concentrate on both

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26
Q

Distraction

A

One stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus

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27
Q

Attentional capture

A

A rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light or sudden movement

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28
Q

Visual scanning

A

Movements of the eye from one location to another

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29
Q

X-ray experiment is what type of attention

A

Selective/focused

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30
Q

X ray experiment

A

Looking for cancer in an X-ray of a lung

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31
Q

Chabris eyewitness experiment is what type of attention

A

Selective/focused

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32
Q

Chabris Eyewitness Experiment

A

Participants were 9m away from runner, and had to count how many times he touched his head. 8m away confederate fight breaks off w loud noises.

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33
Q

Chabris Eyewitness Experiment - Results (1 and 2)

A

Big percentage missed the fight/failed to notice (even more w night)

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34
Q

Implications of Chabris Eyewitness Experiment

A

Intentional Blindness

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35
Q

Intentional blindness

A

Failure to notice fully-visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged elsewhere

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36
Q

Chabris Eyewitness Experiment - Results (3)

A

They noticed less when:
1. At night
2. 2 counts
3. 1 count
- Even with 0 counts some still missed it

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37
Q

Intentional blindness according to Eyewitness results (3)

A

Increasing the effort required by primary task, descreases noticing unexpected events

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38
Q

Considering the experiments of selective attention, how good is it?

A
  • Powerful: when really focused you miss information
  • Inattentional blindness: you miss other things depending how demanding primary task is
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39
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

Requires the participant to shadow the message in one ear while ignoring the message in the other

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40
Q

What type of attention does a dichotic listening task primarily test?

A

Selective attention

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41
Q

Colin Cherry study

A

Dichotic listening task
C1: Conversation
C2: List of words
- Shadowing conversation

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42
Q

Colin Cherry study (Results)

A
  1. Physical characteristics get through (ex. pitch, intensity, etc)
  2. Meaning does not get through
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43
Q

Colin Cherry study shows that attention is powerful BUT some…

A

Unattended information gets through

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44
Q

What research lead to the development of the Early Filter Model (Broadbent)?

A

Colin Cherry and other similar experiments
- Dichotic listening task + shadowing

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45
Q

Early filter model (Boradbent)

A

Argues that you can focus on one message only and information from the other one is not taken in

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46
Q

Stages of Early filter model of attention

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Filter
  3. Detector
  4. Output
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47
Q

Bottleneck model (Broadbent’s model):

A
  • The filter restricts info flow like a bottle neck
  • BUT it also keeps out a large portion of info
  • Info gets through based on specific physical characteristics (ex. pitch)
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48
Q

Why is the Early filter model also called Early selection model?

A

Because filter eliminates unattended info at the beginning of the flow of information

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49
Q

Two stages of processing in the Early Filter Model

A
  1. Sensory registration
  2. Filter
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50
Q

The Early Filter Model explains Colin Cherry’s results because…

A

It indicates why the participant was able to recognize pitch and gender of the person speaking but not the meaning (it was filtered)

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51
Q

The Early Filter Model does not explain…

A

The Cocktail Party effect by Moray - why does our name not get filtered?

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52
Q

Moray’s cocktail party effect

A

We notice our name embedded in an ignored auditory channel

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53
Q

GSR experiment by Cherry

A

Stage 1 - Conditioning
C1: nouns (shadow)
C2: city names (shocked when city name)

Stage 2
C1: noun (shadow)
C2: city name

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54
Q

GSR experiment by Cherry (Results)

A
  1. No recognition of city words
  2. Physical reaction to city names (elevated GSR)
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55
Q

GSR Experiment by Cherry findings

A

Meaning of the word is processed in unattended channel but still no memory of the message

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56
Q

Evidence against Early Filtering Model (research)

A
  1. Moray (cocktail effect)
  2. Cherry (city names)
  3. Dear Jane experiment
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57
Q

Evidence against Early Filtering Model (ideas)

A

Some unconscious processing of unattended message
- Cocktail party effect
- GSR: bodily awareness of meaning
- Bilinguals notice unattended message in different language means the same as attended one

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58
Q

Attenuation model (Treisman)

A

Some information from unattended channel gets through, but it is degraded.
- What is more important (lower threshold) goes through

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59
Q

The attenuation model is a … of Broadbent’s model

A

Modification

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60
Q

Attenuation model stages

A
  1. Detection
  2. Attenuator (physical, language, meaning)
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61
Q

Attenuation model 2 stages

A
  1. Attenuator
  2. Message is analyzed by dictionary unit
62
Q

What research does the attenuation model not explain?

A

MacKay study
- Ppts listen to ambiguous sentences in unattended.
- Later on presented with pairs of sentences linked to ambiguous scenes (identify which was closest in meaning to what they had previously heard)

63
Q

MacKay study

A
  • Ppts listen to ambiguous sentences in unattended.
  • Later on presented with pairs of sentences linked to ambiguous scenes (identify which was closest in meaning to what they had previously heard)
64
Q

MacKay study (Results)

A

The meaning of the biasing words affected the participants’ choices, even when the participants were unaware of the biasing words in the unattended channel

65
Q

Which piece of research goes against both the Early and Attenuation model?

A

McKay experiment (ambiguous messages)

66
Q

Late Filtering model

A

Meaning assigned to all stimuli, but only important stimuli reach consciousness

67
Q

Stages of Late Filtering model

A
  1. Detection
  2. Recognition
  3. Filter
68
Q

Why was the Late selection model proposed?

A

Because of experiments showing that messages can be selected at a later stage of processing - based on their meaning
- MacKay

69
Q

Late Selection model: most of the information is processed to the level of … before being selected for extended analysis and inclusion in the decision making processes

A

meaning

70
Q

Load Theory of attention (2 elements)

A
  1. Processing capacity
  2. Task load (primary task difficulty and distractor difficulty)
71
Q

Load theory of Attention by Goldstein

A

The ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli is a function of not only the load of the task you are trying to do, but also how powerful the task-irrelevant stimulus is

72
Q

Load theory of Attention by Goldstein (Implications)

A

a. Low-load tasks: few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, whereas;

b. High-load tasks: use all a person’s cognitive resources don’t leave any resources to process unattended task irrelevant stimuli

73
Q

Foster and Lavie

A
  • Load theory
    Focus on a specific location or a particular stimulus, while simultaneously a distracting stimulus presented close to the attended location or field.
  • Degree of distraction is measured by comparing reaction times between 2 or 3 different conditions
74
Q

Foster and Lavie (Results)

A

Found that there is an interaction between task difficulty and distractor. Specifically, participants were more distracted by distractor in the easy task compared to the hard task

75
Q

Overt shift of attention

A

When a person redirects their focus to something by physically moving their eyes

76
Q

Covert shift of attention

A

Shift in their focus mentally without making any visible movements

77
Q

Attention is dissociable from…

A

vision

78
Q

Posner Spatial Cueing Experiment

A

Arrows experiment
- Neutral trial (no arrow)
- Valid trial (arrow right way)
- Invalid trial (arrow wrong way)

79
Q

Posner Spatial Cueing Experiment (Results)

A
  1. Neutral vs valid: benefits in reaction time
  2. Neutral vs. Invalid: costs in reaction time
80
Q

What are the three attentional steps needed for Posner Spatial Cueing Experiment?

A

Disengage, move and engage

81
Q

Attention metaphor

A

A spotlight

82
Q

We pay attention to what we find…

A
  • Interesting
  • Important
  • Funny
  • Ambiguous
83
Q

How to increase interest?

A

Increase visibility of brand: if brand is powerful, simply have to ensure visibility. This will increase attention due to interest.

84
Q

How to increase intrigue?

A

Develop a plot line: create suspense and mystery. Build a story that unfolds over time. Will increase interest and motivation.

85
Q

How to increase competition?

A

Develop a competition: generate participation and create competition. Gamify the process and will increase interest and motivation

86
Q

How to increase humor?

A

Make them laugh: we inherently want to be in a good mood. When advertisements generate positivity and humor, we will pay attention

87
Q

What are 4 components that help engage customers when promoting an ad or brand?

A
  1. Interest
  2. Competition
  3. Humor
  4. Intrigue
88
Q

Treisman’s Feature-Integration Theory (2 processes)

A
  1. Feature search
  2. Conjunction search
89
Q

Feature search

A
  • Automatic
  • Fast, pop-out
  • Independent of number of distractors
90
Q

Conjunction search

A
  • Controlled
  • Slow, effortful, needs “glue”
  • Depends on number of distractors
91
Q

Treisman’s Feature-Integration Theory (broken down into 3)

A
  1. Feature maps
  2. Automatic processing
  3. Master map and attention
92
Q

Feature maps

A

Your brain first breaks down objects into basic features like color, shape, and motion using feature maps

93
Q

Automatic processing

A

Recognizing the features and breaking them down happens automatically and in parallel

94
Q

Master map and attention

A

Attention acts as “glue” that binds these features together, allowing you to recognize the object as a whole.

95
Q

Treisman and Schmidt experiment of illusory conjunctions

A

4 objects and 2 black numbers showed briefly. Participants then told to report what they had seen.

96
Q

Treisman and Schmidt experiment of illusory conjunctions (Results)

A

Participants reported seeing objects that were made up of a combination of features from two different stimuli

97
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A

Combinations of features from different stimuli

98
Q

According to Treisman, illusory conjunctions occur because…

A

in the pre-attentive stage, features exist independently from others. As such, they can be incorrectly combined if there is more than one object and they have limited time to see it.

99
Q

Treisman and Schmidt experiment of illusory conjunctions: preattentive and focused stage

A
  1. Preattentive: features of objects are processed automatically and in parallel across the visual field
  2. Focus: attention plays a crucial role in “gluing” these features together to form a coherent perception of an object. Require focus attention
100
Q

(Left) Hemispatial neglect

A

A neuropsychological deficit of attention
- Damage to right parietal lobe (typically)
- Impairments in attention to the left visual field (typically)

101
Q

Left neglect

A

Difficulty disengaging attention from right side of space

102
Q

Examples of neglect

A
  • Visual search
  • Spontaneous writing
  • Reading
  • Line-bisection task
103
Q

Right Hemispatial Neglect

A
  • Unawareness of the left side
  • More severe and slower recovery
  • Longer lasting
104
Q

Left Hemisphere Neglect

A
  • Affects attention to the right
  • Less severe and faster recovery
  • Shorter lasting
105
Q

Left Hemispatial neglect - Hypothesis 1

A

Right parietal lobe manages spatial awareness on both sides, whereas left parietal specialized for language

106
Q

Left Hemispatial neglect - Hypothesis 2

A

Related to sleep and suppressing regions involved in hemispatial neglect

107
Q

Divided attention

A

The distribution of attention among 2+ tasks

108
Q

How good is divided attention?

A
  • When you divide attention, you have less resources for each task
  • Is finite
109
Q

Divided attention example

A

Cell phone use + driving

110
Q

What influences divided attention?

A

Perceptual and/or cognitive load

111
Q

Simultaneous-tasking

A

Performing two tasks at the same time

112
Q

We can only simultaneous-task in

A

low load situations

113
Q

Wais coffee shop/music experiment

A

Read description of a picture and try to recall how many items were present
1. silence
2. white noise
3. auditory distraction

114
Q

Wais coffee shop/music experiment (Results)

A

Silence is the most efficient

115
Q

Multitasking

A

Switching attention between tasks. You have to do this when the tasks are not automatic, or specifically in higher load situations

116
Q

How does multitasking affect learning?

A
  1. Assignment takes longer
  2. Mental fatigues leads to more mistakes
  3. Remember encoding info less
  4. Harder to apply knowledge to other things
117
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice fully-visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged elsewhere

118
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice something different about a visual display (involves 2 displays - pre and post change)

119
Q

Controlled attention is triggered by

A

specific types of information

120
Q

Limitations of controlled attention

A
  • Too focused
  • Too limited
121
Q

Automatic attention

A

Baseline alertness
- Physiological
- Orienting

122
Q

What triggers orienting attention

A
  • Stimuli that are novel/unexpected
  • Stimuli that are significant for the organism
123
Q

Relevant emotions for orienting attention

A
  • Surprise/startle
  • Negative/positive emotions
124
Q

Orienting attention definition

A

An automatic shift in attention: unconscious, uncontrollable, immediate, powerful

125
Q

How does orienting attention work?

A
  • Something makes you shift your attention
  • You process new info and shift back
  • Very brief process
126
Q

Central vision

A

The area you are looking at

127
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Everything off to the side

128
Q

Preattentive processing

A

The continuous processing of the environment outside the focus of your attention (in the periphery)

129
Q

Teisman’s feature-integration theory

A

The theory focuses on how we combine different features like color, shape, size, and orientation into a unified perception of an object.

130
Q

Preattentive processing limitations

A

Limited informational capture

131
Q

Is controlled attention endogenous or exogenous?

A

endogenous

132
Q

Is automatic attention endogenous or exogenous?

A

Exogenous

133
Q

Bottleneck theory

A

People have limited cognitive resources. Thus, information and stimuli are filtered or ‘selected’ for resulting in only a subset of information being processed at any one time

134
Q

Biased competition theory

A

When one unattended object falls into a neuron’s receptive field it increases the neuronal firing. However, adding one or more unattended objects has the opposite effect, it reduces neuronal firing.

135
Q

We have an attentional bias towards…

A

emotional stimuli

136
Q

The imapact of emotion on attention depends on…

A
  1. type: arousal and valence
  2. time-course: early processing versus later processing
137
Q

Cueing paradigm/dot probe task

A

Pairs of neutral-emotional stimuli presented first and are followed by a neutral target. Speed of target identification

138
Q

Cueing paradigm/dot probe task (Results)

A

When emotional material is threatening and/or biologically relevant and delivered quickly there is a speeded processing for targets presented in this location

139
Q

Attentional blink study

A

Participants see rapid picture stream with some target pictures. Participants typically missed targets that followed a previous target

140
Q

Visual search paradigm

A

Pictures (distractors) + picture of deviant (snake).

Easier to find fear picture with distractors

141
Q

Visual search paradigm

A

Faster detecting angry face in serious faces

142
Q

Experiment about negative and positive images

A
  • Attention is first captured by negative pictures only but then it remains captured by negative and positive
143
Q

Two different types of effects of emotion on attention according to Barbara Fredrickson

A
  1. Positive: Broaden and build
  2. Negative: narrow and reduce
144
Q

Positive emotion broaden (characteristics)

A
  • Better memory for details
  • See more possibilities
  • More creative
  • More trust
145
Q

Negative emotion narrows characteristics

A
  • Narrows attention
  • Negative interpretations
  • Favors habitual routines
  • Leads to rumination
146
Q

Emotional stroop paradigm

A

Slowing of reaction times to name the colors of negative emotional words in contrast to naming the color of neutral words

147
Q

Debate: Nature of emotions

A

Categorical vs dimensional

148
Q

Debate: What is emotion

A

Universal vs constructed

149
Q

Universal view of emotions

A

There is a set of universal emotions. These emotions and their physical expressions are biologically innate and evolutionary adaptive. EKMAN

150
Q

Basic emotions theory by Ekman

A
  1. Facial expressions are a window to emotions
  2. Expression of certain emotions is universal
151
Q

Basic Emotions theory: Evidence in support

A
  • Darwin
  • Tomkins and McCarter
  • Universality studies
152
Q

Constructivist approach

A

Emotions do emerge from biological processes but they also emerge from information processing, social interaction, and cultural contexts.

Cognition and emotion (4 decks)

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