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Principles of Animal Nutrition > quiz 5 prep > Flashcards

quiz 5 prep Flashcards

1
Q

simple lipids are glycerides also called ____

A

acylglycerols

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2
Q

glycerides are made up of ____

A

esters of glycerol and 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids

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3
Q

_____ are the main component of fats and oils

A

glycerides

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4
Q

saponification is

A

hydrolysis of triglycerides with alkali (NaOH, KOH)

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5
Q

saponification forms ____+_____

A

glycerin + salts of fatty acids

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6
Q

salts of fatty acids =

A

soap

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7
Q

____ soap is made from tallow/lard

A

lye

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8
Q

saponification number is equivalent to

A

the amount of alkali needed to completely saponify 100g of fat/oil

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9
Q

an increase in the saponification number = a decrease in ____

A

the average fatty length

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10
Q

Iodination: ____ fatty acids readily bond to iodine with ___ iodine atoms at each end

A

unsaturated; 2

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11
Q

Hydrogenation is ___

A

adding H to unsaturated fatty acids

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12
Q

hydrogenation converts ___ to ___ and removes ____

A

double bonds to single bonds; “kinks”

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13
Q

What does hydrogenation do to vegetable oils?

A

it solidifies them

think margarine/shortening

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14
Q

hydrogenation can convert ___ double bonds to ___

A

cis; trans

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15
Q

are there health concerns associated with chemically hydrogenated “trans fat”

A

yes; increased serum cholesterol; heart disease, diabetes, etc.

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16
Q

oxidation (“____”) is the formation of ____

A

Rancidity; free radicals

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17
Q

what do free radicals break?

A

C-C bonds of fatty acids

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18
Q

oxidation causes a disagreeable _____ such as in ____

A

odor/flavor; blue cheese

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19
Q

oxidation helps the addition of antioxidants such as

A

Se, Vit E, Vit C, betacarotene, ethoxyquin, BHA, BHT

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20
Q

another simple wax is ___ which has minor importance in nutrition, a low digestibility, and greater commercial value

A

waxes

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21
Q

___+___+___= compound lipids

A

fatty acids
alcohol
nonlipid

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22
Q

what are phospholipids?

A
  • white waxy solids that turn brown when exposed to air

* constituents of biological membranes

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23
Q

what composes a phospholipid?

A
  1. glycerol (or other alcohol) backbone
  2. at least one fatty acid
  3. phosphoric acid
  4. nitrogenous base (usually choline, ethanol amine, serine)
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24
Q

What is amphipathic organization?

A

It contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions in the same molecule

  • hydrophilic: water soluble such as phosphoric acid, amino acid groups
  • hydrophobic: lipid soluble such as fatty acid tails
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25
Q

lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) = ___+___+___+___

A

glycerol + 2fatty acids + phosphoric acid + choline

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26
Q

Lecithin in foods acts as

A

1, natural emulsifier

  1. carrier for micronutrients
  2. use in cosmetics
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27
Q

cephalin (phoshatidylethanolamine) is

A

white matter of brain and spinal cord

similar to lecithin, with ethanol amine instead of choline

28
Q

sphingomyelin is

A

a component of nervous tissue (myelin sheath)

uses sphingosine instead of glycerol

29
Q

glycolipids = ___+___+___

A

glycerol
2 fatty acids
sugar residue

30
Q

up to 60% of the lipid in forages can be ____ (in chloroplasts), a glycolipid

A

galactolipid

31
Q

glycolipids in animals compose:

A
  1. myelin sheath (cerebrosides)

2. brain tissue (gangliosides)

32
Q

glycolipids determine____

A

blood type

33
Q

glycolipids determine blood type from ___

A

CHO on surface of red blood cells

34
Q

lipoproteins transport ____

A

molecules for lipids in blod (fatty acids and cholesterol)

35
Q

lipoproteins are synthesized in ___

A

the small intestine during absorption (chylomicron)

36
Q

chylomicrons are repackaged in ___

A

the liver

37
Q

LDL stands for _____. Transports to ___ and is considered ___ cholesterol

A

Low Density Lipoprotein
peripheral cells
bad cholesterol

38
Q

HDL stands for ____. Transports to _____ and is considered ____ cholesterol

A

High Density Lipoprotein
back to the liver
good cholesterol

39
Q

Derived lipids include:

A
  1. sterols
  2. steroid hormones
  3. ProVitamin D
  4. Bile acids
  5. Prostaglandins
40
Q

____ is the parent molecule of sterols

A

cholesterol

41
Q

Steroid hormones include:

A
  1. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
  2. cortisol (stress hormone)
  3. Aldosterone (kidneys)
42
Q

bile acids conjugated to glycine and taurine are

A

glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid

43
Q

prostaglandins are derivatives of

A

arachidonic acid

44
Q

Prostaglandins stimulate ____ and contribute to

A

smooth muscle contractions; inflammatory response, regulation of blood pressure, fever, reproduction (ovulation, menstruations, parturition)

45
Q

NSAIDS are _____ such as

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

46
Q

How do NSAIDS work?

A

they block synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid which inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes

47
Q

What lipolytic enzymes come from the mouth?

A

NONE

48
Q

Presence of ____ (distension) in stomach causes the release of the hormone ___ by ____

A

food; Gastrin: pylorus

49
Q

Gastrin stimulates overall gastric secretion:

A

Mucous, HCl, Pepsin, GASTRIC LIPASE

50
Q

Gastric Lipase comes from ____ and hydrolyzes ___ into ____

A

chief cells; triglycerides into monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

51
Q

gastric lipase in the adult stomach is ____by the low pH but is ____ in the small intestine

A

denatured; reactivated

52
Q

gastric lipase plays a bigger role in ____

A

milk fed animals

53
Q

____ from the crypts of lieberkuhn, is triggered by the presence of ____ and stimulates ____ to release___

A

secretin; gastric acid (HCl); pancreas; bicarbonate buffers

54
Q

____ from the crypts of lieberkuhn is triggered by ____ and stimulates___ to release____

A

Cholecystokinin; the presence of lipid/peptides; pancreas; digestive enzymes

55
Q

_____ is similar but more potent than gastric lipase

A

pancreatic lipase

56
Q

pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes ___ to ____+____

A

triglycerides; monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

57
Q

_____ removes fatty acid esterified to cholesterol

A

cholesterol esterase

58
Q

_____ hydrolyzes lecithin and other phospholipids

A

phospholipase

59
Q

CCK stimulates ____ for bile release into duodenum

A

contraction of the gall bladder

60
Q

____ comes from the liver and gall bladder

A

bile

61
Q

Bile aids in the emulsification of lipids, acts as _____ and helps the formation of ____ for increased surface area for lipase action

A

a detergent; micelles

62
Q

Absorption of mixed micelles contents uses ____ into the enterocyte

A

passive diffusion

63
Q

Mixed micelle contents undergo ___ into triglycerides inside the enterocyte and ____(lipoproteins) are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

re-esterification; chylomicrons

64
Q

Chylomicrons are expelled from the enterocyte via ___ into ____ in mammals and ____ in birds.

A

exocytosis; lacteal; blood capillaries

65
Q

chylomicron are transported in lymph to the liver and other peripheral tissues for ____ into other lipoproteins

A

repackaging

Principles of Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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