quiz 5 prep

Question 1

simple lipids are glycerides also called ____

Answer 1

acylglycerols

Question 2

glycerides are made up of ____

Answer 2

esters of glycerol and 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids

Question 3

_____ are the main component of fats and oils

Answer 3

glycerides

Question 4

saponification is

Answer 4

hydrolysis of triglycerides with alkali (NaOH, KOH)

Question 5

saponification forms ____+_____

Answer 5

glycerin + salts of fatty acids

Question 6

salts of fatty acids =

Answer 6

soap

Question 7

____ soap is made from tallow/lard

Answer 7

lye

Question 8

saponification number is equivalent to

Answer 8

the amount of alkali needed to completely saponify 100g of fat/oil

Question 9

an increase in the saponification number = a decrease in ____

Answer 9

the average fatty length

Question 10

Iodination: ____ fatty acids readily bond to iodine with ___ iodine atoms at each end

Answer 10

unsaturated; 2

Question 11

Hydrogenation is ___

Answer 11

adding H to unsaturated fatty acids

Question 12

hydrogenation converts ___ to ___ and removes ____

Answer 12

double bonds to single bonds; “kinks”

Question 13

What does hydrogenation do to vegetable oils?

Answer 13

it solidifies them

think margarine/shortening

Question 14

hydrogenation can convert ___ double bonds to ___

Answer 14

cis; trans

Question 15

are there health concerns associated with chemically hydrogenated “trans fat”

Answer 15

yes; increased serum cholesterol; heart disease, diabetes, etc.

Question 16

oxidation (“____”) is the formation of ____

Answer 16

Rancidity; free radicals

Question 17

what do free radicals break?

Answer 17

C-C bonds of fatty acids

Question 18

oxidation causes a disagreeable _____ such as in ____

Answer 18

odor/flavor; blue cheese

Question 19

oxidation helps the addition of antioxidants such as

Answer 19

Se, Vit E, Vit C, betacarotene, ethoxyquin, BHA, BHT

Question 20

another simple wax is ___ which has minor importance in nutrition, a low digestibility, and greater commercial value

Answer 20

waxes

Question 21

___+___+___= compound lipids

Answer 21

fatty acids
alcohol
nonlipid

Question 22

what are phospholipids?

Answer 22

• white waxy solids that turn brown when exposed to air

* constituents of biological membranes

Question 23

what composes a phospholipid?

Answer 23

1. glycerol (or other alcohol) backbone
2. at least one fatty acid
3. phosphoric acid
4. nitrogenous base (usually choline, ethanol amine, serine)

Question 24

What is amphipathic organization?

Answer 24

It contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions in the same molecule

• hydrophilic: water soluble such as phosphoric acid, amino acid groups
• hydrophobic: lipid soluble such as fatty acid tails

Question 25

lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) = ___+___+___+___

Answer 25

glycerol + 2fatty acids + phosphoric acid + choline

Question 26

Lecithin in foods acts as

Answer 26

1, natural emulsifier 2. carrier for micronutrients 3. use in cosmetics

Question 27

cephalin (phoshatidylethanolamine) is

Answer 27

white matter of brain and spinal cord | similar to lecithin, with ethanol amine instead of choline

Question 28

sphingomyelin is

Answer 28

a component of nervous tissue (myelin sheath) | uses sphingosine instead of glycerol

Question 29

glycolipids = ___+___+___

Answer 29

glycerol 2 fatty acids sugar residue

Question 30

up to 60% of the lipid in forages can be ____ (in chloroplasts), a glycolipid

Answer 30

galactolipid

Question 31

glycolipids in animals compose:

Answer 31

1. myelin sheath (cerebrosides) | 2. brain tissue (gangliosides)

Question 32

glycolipids determine____

Answer 32

blood type

Question 33

glycolipids determine blood type from ___

Answer 33

CHO on surface of red blood cells

Question 34

lipoproteins transport ____

Answer 34

molecules for lipids in blod (fatty acids and cholesterol)

Question 35

lipoproteins are synthesized in ___

Answer 35

the small intestine during absorption (chylomicron)

Question 36

chylomicrons are repackaged in ___

Answer 36

the liver

Question 37

LDL stands for _____. Transports to ___ and is considered ___ cholesterol

Answer 37

Low Density Lipoprotein peripheral cells bad cholesterol

Question 38

HDL stands for ____. Transports to _____ and is considered ____ cholesterol

Answer 38

High Density Lipoprotein back to the liver good cholesterol

Question 39

Derived lipids include:

Answer 39

1. sterols 2. steroid hormones 3. ProVitamin D 4. Bile acids 5. Prostaglandins

Question 40

____ is the parent molecule of sterols

Answer 40

cholesterol

Question 41

Steroid hormones include:

Answer 41

1. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone 2. cortisol (stress hormone) 3. Aldosterone (kidneys)

Question 42

bile acids conjugated to glycine and taurine are

Answer 42

glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid

Question 43

prostaglandins are derivatives of

Answer 43

arachidonic acid

Question 44

Prostaglandins stimulate ____ and contribute to

Answer 44

smooth muscle contractions; inflammatory response, regulation of blood pressure, fever, reproduction (ovulation, menstruations, parturition)

Question 45

NSAIDS are _____ such as

Answer 45

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

Question 46

How do NSAIDS work?

Answer 46

they block synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid which inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes

Question 47

What lipolytic enzymes come from the mouth?

Answer 47

NONE

Question 48

Presence of ____ (distension) in stomach causes the release of the hormone ___ by ____

Answer 48

food; Gastrin: pylorus

Question 49

Gastrin stimulates overall gastric secretion:

Answer 49

Mucous, HCl, Pepsin, GASTRIC LIPASE

Question 50

Gastric Lipase comes from ____ and hydrolyzes ___ into ____

Answer 50

chief cells; triglycerides into monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

Question 51

gastric lipase in the adult stomach is ____by the low pH but is ____ in the small intestine

Answer 51

denatured; reactivated

Question 52

gastric lipase plays a bigger role in ____

Answer 52

milk fed animals

Question 53

____ from the crypts of lieberkuhn, is triggered by the presence of ____ and stimulates ____ to release___

Answer 53

secretin; gastric acid (HCl); pancreas; bicarbonate buffers

Question 54

____ from the crypts of lieberkuhn is triggered by ____ and stimulates___ to release____

Answer 54

Cholecystokinin; the presence of lipid/peptides; pancreas; digestive enzymes

Question 55

_____ is similar but more potent than gastric lipase

Answer 55

pancreatic lipase

Question 56

pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes ___ to ____+____

Answer 56

triglycerides; monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

Question 57

_____ removes fatty acid esterified to cholesterol

Answer 57

cholesterol esterase

Question 58

_____ hydrolyzes lecithin and other phospholipids

Answer 58

phospholipase

Question 59

CCK stimulates ____ for bile release into duodenum

Answer 59

contraction of the gall bladder

Question 60

____ comes from the liver and gall bladder

Answer 60

bile

Question 61

Bile aids in the emulsification of lipids, acts as _____ and helps the formation of ____ for increased surface area for lipase action

Answer 61

a detergent; micelles

Question 62

Absorption of mixed micelles contents uses ____ into the enterocyte

Answer 62

passive diffusion

Question 63

Mixed micelle contents undergo ___ into triglycerides inside the enterocyte and ____(lipoproteins) are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 63

re-esterification; chylomicrons

Question 64

Chylomicrons are expelled from the enterocyte via ___ into ____ in mammals and ____ in birds.

Answer 64

exocytosis; lacteal; blood capillaries

Question 65

chylomicron are transported in lymph to the liver and other peripheral tissues for ____ into other lipoproteins

Answer 65

repackaging