Exam 3 fat soluble vitamins Flashcards
What are the fat soluble vitamins and their common names?
A - retinol
D - cholecalciferol
E - alpha tocopherol
K - phylloquinone
What are the the water soluble vitamins
B complex and vitamin c
What is vitamin B1
Thiamin
What is vitamin B2
Riboflavin
What is vitamin B3
Niacin
What is vitamin B5
Pantothenic Acid
What is vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
What is vitamin B7
Biotin
What is vitamin B9
Folic Acid
What is vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
What is vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Fat soluble vitamins are required in _____ amounts
very small
There is _____ in vitamin activity, meaning there are several chemical forms for the same vitamin with different biological activity
variaility
Fat soluble vitamins are measured in ______. Why?
international units
it standardizes ADE requirements to a common biological activity
IU is not established for vitamin K or water soluble vitamins
the chemical name for vitamin A is ____
retinol
retinol is vitamin ____
A
Vitamin ___ is pale yellow crystalline solid
A
what does vitamin A look like
pale yellow crystalline solid
Vitamin A is easily destroyed by exposure to
air and light
is retinol found in plants?
No. plants contain carotenoids which are then made into vitamin a in the animal however conversion is inefficient. (2:1 - 3:1)
What is the most widely distributed form of provitamin A? what does it resemble?
Beta carotene; resembles two retinol molecules linked by their side chains
where is beta carotene converted to retinol?
the small intestinal wall
Carotene is easily destroyed by
air and light; sun dried crops are lower than fresh forage
carotenoids are _____ in color and when accompanied by ____ cause
red/orange
chlorophyll
change of leaves colors in the fall
what are two other roles of beta carotene
reproduction
antioxidant properties
where is a common place for lycopene to be found? what vitamin is it associated with? what does it do?
red skin of tomatoes
vitamin A
antioxidant (eyes and vision)
explain the metabolism of vitamin a
metabolism happens in the eye, retinol is converted to retinaldehyde, retinaldehyde combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, rhodopsin is a low light photoreceptor allowing you to see in dim light.
What other systems does vitamin a help
it helps in the formation and protection of epithelial tissues and mucous membranes for an antioxidant property
What are the effects of a Vitamin A deficiency
- diminished ability to see in low light (night blindness)
- excessive watering/cloudiness/ softness of the eye
- infertility, abortion, dead/weak calves
is vitamin A deficiency common in adult livestock? why?
no, it is very unlikely to happen in adult livestock due to long term storage in the liver (6 months to 1 year)
long term storage allows seasonal variation in forages to not greatly affect the animal
1 IU of vitamin a gives ____ ug retinol and ____ ug beta carotene
- 3
0. 6
What are some sources of vitamin a
plants (as beta carotene only)
egg yolk
milk fat
liver (esp. fish oils)
what are acute symptoms of vitamin a toxicity
blurry vision
nausea
vomitting
vertigo
what are chronic symptoms of vitamin a toxicity
hair loss
dry or peeling skin
hepatosplenomegaly
arthralgias
why should polar bear livers not be consumed by humans
they are highly toxic and will cause excess vitamin a in the body leading to toxicity
how many forms of vitamin D are there? What are they?
there are 2 forms
- ergocalciferol (vitamin D2 - plants)
- cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 - animals)
how many forms of provitamin D? what are they?
2 forms
- ergosterol (provitamin D2)
- 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3)
explain vitamin D metabolism
Provitamin D is converted to the calciferol form in the skin
nicknamed the “sunshine vitamin” due to the importance of sunlight exposer to convert provitamin d to calciferol form
it is metabolized in the liver as calcidiol (25VitD)
it is metabolized in the kidney as calcitriol (1,25VitD)
What is 25VitD
calcidiol: vitamin d metabolized in the liver
what is 1,25VitD
calcitriol: vitamin D metabolized in the kidney
___ is the biologically active form of vitamin D and has similar function to ____
1,25VitD (calcitriol); steroid hormones
1,25 VitD targets what tissues
bone and small intestine (tissues involved in Ca metabolism)
1,25 VitD regulates _____
DNA transcription in the intestine
- synthesis of calcium binding protein (CaBP)
- calmodulin, calbindin
- CaBP regulates Ca absorption from the intestine
- secondary active transport (Na pump)
1,25 Vit D allows greater absorption of ___ compared to other minerals
calcium
_____ regulation of 1,25 VitD production is done by ______ found in the _____.
Low blood Ca causes ______
Hormonal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid gland
increase PTH
Increased PTH and 1,25 VitD causes increased Ca absorption from ____ and increase resorption from _____
diet
bone
What is caused by vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets in young growing animals
* disrupted deposition of Ca and P in growing bone
* blowed legs, arching of back, brittle bones, enlarged joints
osteomalacia in adults
* abnormal resorption of Ca and P from bone
* osteoporosis in humans
* affects lactating and pregnant animals
Poultry
* decreased egg production
* bones and beak become brittle
Where is Vitamin D deficiency more of a concern?
In animals housed in confinement; less common in ruminants who live outside
What are some dietary sources of Vitamin D
Animal foods (both provitamin D3 and pre-made vitamin D3) Plant foods (provitamin D2 only) fortified foods
1 IU of vitamin D give ___ug of cholecalciferol (D3)
0.025
Vitamin D_ is 10x more potent than Vitamin D_ for poultry
3; 2
How many naturally occurring forms of Vitamin E are there? What are they
there are 8 naturally occurring forms
- alpha tocopherol
- beta tocopherol
- gamma tocopherol
- delta tocopherol
- alpha tocotrienol
- beta tocotrienol
- gamma tocotrienol
- delta tocotrienol
What is the most widely distributed form of Vitamin E
alpha tocopherol
How does vitamin E serve an antioxidant function?
It is incorporated into biological membranes and stops propagation of free radicals
considered the “first line of defense” against lipid oxidation
Vitamin E works in conjunction with ____
selenium
Vitamin E deficiency causes
NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY - white muscle disease - stiff lamb disease - crazy chick disease MUSCLE DEGRADATION - weakness/atrophy - knuckling under/over - if heart muscle is affected, death is rapid
How can you prevent Vitamin E deficiency
- maternal supplementation
2. Vitamin E and/or Se injections
What are some sources of Vitamin E
Animal products (depends on level in diet before slaughter)
Plant sources
- cereal grains
- forage plants (young better than mature; leaves 30x than stems)
How many major compounds are associated with Vitamin K? what are they?
3 major compounds
- phylloquinone (K1) from green plants
- menaquinone (K2) from bacteria
- menadione (K3) as a water soluble precursor
Vitamin K is required for
normal blood clotting
is a cofactor in carboxylation of blood clotting factors (“Gla” proteins) by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
What factors blood clotting factors require vitamin K
Factor II: prothrombin
Factor X: Stuart Factor
Factor VII: proconvertin
Factor IX: “Christmas Factor”
Explain Factor II
A vitamin K dependent blood clotting factor; prothrombin; the inactive form of thrombin
Explain Thrombin
A vitamin K dependent blood clotting factor; enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Explain Fibrin
An insoluble fibrous protein “mesh”
Holds clot together
Explain protein C & S
- Inactivation of clotting mechanism
- Natural anticoagulants
Why is there a complex blood clotting cascade
- speed of clot formation
- localization of clotting
- allows for limited bleeding
- easier to inactivate the clotting mechanism
Is a vitamin K deficiency common in livestock species?
NO, not unless they are consuming an antagonist
What are two Vitamin K antagonists
Dicoumarol and Warfarin
Consumption of Dicoumarol causes _____ and is commonly called ____ due to _____
Low prothrombin levels which leads to hemorrhaging; “Sweet Clover Disease”; elevated content in moldy sweet clover hay
Treatment for sweet clover disease consists of
supplementing Vitamin K and blood transfusions
Warfarin is found in…
rat poison, causing uncontrollable hemorrhaging and death
It is also a blood thinning drug used to control clotting in heart patients, stroke, etc.
What are the sources for vitamin K
K1 : green vegetables, forages, yolk, meat, dairy
K2 : bacteria in digestive tract
K3 : water soluble supplement (not for humans in the US)
Water soluble vitamin deficiencies are ____ in ruminant species due to ____
rare: microbes!
What conditions allow for water soluble vitamin deficiency
- antibiotics
- depressed intake (starvation/stress)
- antagonist consumption
