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Principles of Animal Nutrition > Exam 3 fat soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Exam 3 fat soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins and their common names?

A

A - retinol
D - cholecalciferol
E - alpha tocopherol
K - phylloquinone

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2
Q

What are the the water soluble vitamins

A

B complex and vitamin c

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3
Q

What is vitamin B1

A

Thiamin

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4
Q

What is vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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5
Q

What is vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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6
Q

What is vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic Acid

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7
Q

What is vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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8
Q

What is vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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9
Q

What is vitamin B9

A

Folic Acid

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10
Q

What is vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin

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11
Q

What is vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

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12
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are required in _____ amounts

A

very small

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13
Q

There is _____ in vitamin activity, meaning there are several chemical forms for the same vitamin with different biological activity

A

variaility

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14
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are measured in ______. Why?

A

international units
it standardizes ADE requirements to a common biological activity
IU is not established for vitamin K or water soluble vitamins

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15
Q

the chemical name for vitamin A is ____

A

retinol

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16
Q

retinol is vitamin ____

A

A

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17
Q

Vitamin ___ is pale yellow crystalline solid

A

A

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18
Q

what does vitamin A look like

A

pale yellow crystalline solid

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19
Q

Vitamin A is easily destroyed by exposure to

A

air and light

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20
Q

is retinol found in plants?

A

No. plants contain carotenoids which are then made into vitamin a in the animal however conversion is inefficient. (2:1 - 3:1)

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21
Q

What is the most widely distributed form of provitamin A? what does it resemble?

A

Beta carotene; resembles two retinol molecules linked by their side chains

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22
Q

where is beta carotene converted to retinol?

A

the small intestinal wall

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23
Q

Carotene is easily destroyed by

A

air and light; sun dried crops are lower than fresh forage

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24
Q

carotenoids are _____ in color and when accompanied by ____ cause

A

red/orange
chlorophyll
change of leaves colors in the fall

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25
Q

what are two other roles of beta carotene

A

reproduction

antioxidant properties

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26
Q

where is a common place for lycopene to be found? what vitamin is it associated with? what does it do?

A

red skin of tomatoes
vitamin A
antioxidant (eyes and vision)

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27
Q

explain the metabolism of vitamin a

A

metabolism happens in the eye, retinol is converted to retinaldehyde, retinaldehyde combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, rhodopsin is a low light photoreceptor allowing you to see in dim light.

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28
Q

What other systems does vitamin a help

A

it helps in the formation and protection of epithelial tissues and mucous membranes for an antioxidant property

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29
Q

What are the effects of a Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • diminished ability to see in low light (night blindness)
  • excessive watering/cloudiness/ softness of the eye
  • infertility, abortion, dead/weak calves
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30
Q

is vitamin A deficiency common in adult livestock? why?

A

no, it is very unlikely to happen in adult livestock due to long term storage in the liver (6 months to 1 year)
long term storage allows seasonal variation in forages to not greatly affect the animal

31
Q

1 IU of vitamin a gives ____ ug retinol and ____ ug beta carotene

A
  1. 3

0. 6

32
Q

What are some sources of vitamin a

A

plants (as beta carotene only)
egg yolk
milk fat
liver (esp. fish oils)

33
Q

what are acute symptoms of vitamin a toxicity

A

blurry vision
nausea
vomitting
vertigo

34
Q

what are chronic symptoms of vitamin a toxicity

A

hair loss
dry or peeling skin
hepatosplenomegaly
arthralgias

35
Q

why should polar bear livers not be consumed by humans

A

they are highly toxic and will cause excess vitamin a in the body leading to toxicity

36
Q

how many forms of vitamin D are there? What are they?

A

there are 2 forms

  1. ergocalciferol (vitamin D2 - plants)
  2. cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 - animals)
37
Q

how many forms of provitamin D? what are they?

A

2 forms

  1. ergosterol (provitamin D2)
  2. 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3)
38
Q

explain vitamin D metabolism

A

Provitamin D is converted to the calciferol form in the skin

nicknamed the “sunshine vitamin” due to the importance of sunlight exposer to convert provitamin d to calciferol form

it is metabolized in the liver as calcidiol (25VitD)
it is metabolized in the kidney as calcitriol (1,25VitD)

39
Q

What is 25VitD

A

calcidiol: vitamin d metabolized in the liver

40
Q

what is 1,25VitD

A

calcitriol: vitamin D metabolized in the kidney

41
Q

___ is the biologically active form of vitamin D and has similar function to ____

A

1,25VitD (calcitriol); steroid hormones

42
Q

1,25 VitD targets what tissues

A

bone and small intestine (tissues involved in Ca metabolism)

43
Q

1,25 VitD regulates _____

A

DNA transcription in the intestine

  • synthesis of calcium binding protein (CaBP)
    • calmodulin, calbindin
  • CaBP regulates Ca absorption from the intestine
    • secondary active transport (Na pump)
44
Q

1,25 Vit D allows greater absorption of ___ compared to other minerals

A

calcium

45
Q

_____ regulation of 1,25 VitD production is done by ______ found in the _____.
Low blood Ca causes ______

A

Hormonal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid gland
increase PTH

46
Q

Increased PTH and 1,25 VitD causes increased Ca absorption from ____ and increase resorption from _____

A

diet

bone

47
Q

What is caused by vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets in young growing animals
* disrupted deposition of Ca and P in growing bone
* blowed legs, arching of back, brittle bones, enlarged joints
osteomalacia in adults
* abnormal resorption of Ca and P from bone
* osteoporosis in humans
* affects lactating and pregnant animals
Poultry
* decreased egg production
* bones and beak become brittle

48
Q

Where is Vitamin D deficiency more of a concern?

A

In animals housed in confinement; less common in ruminants who live outside

49
Q

What are some dietary sources of Vitamin D

A 
Animal foods (both provitamin D3 and pre-made vitamin D3)
Plant foods (provitamin D2 only)
fortified foods
50
Q

1 IU of vitamin D give ___ug of cholecalciferol (D3)

A

0.025

51
Q

Vitamin D_ is 10x more potent than Vitamin D_ for poultry

A

3; 2

52
Q

How many naturally occurring forms of Vitamin E are there? What are they

A

there are 8 naturally occurring forms

  1. alpha tocopherol
  2. beta tocopherol
  3. gamma tocopherol
  4. delta tocopherol
  5. alpha tocotrienol
  6. beta tocotrienol
  7. gamma tocotrienol
  8. delta tocotrienol
53
Q

What is the most widely distributed form of Vitamin E

A

alpha tocopherol

54
Q

How does vitamin E serve an antioxidant function?

A

It is incorporated into biological membranes and stops propagation of free radicals
considered the “first line of defense” against lipid oxidation

55
Q

Vitamin E works in conjunction with ____

A

selenium

56
Q

Vitamin E deficiency causes

A 
NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
 - white muscle disease
 - stiff lamb disease
 - crazy chick disease
MUSCLE DEGRADATION
 - weakness/atrophy
 - knuckling under/over
 - if heart muscle is affected, death is rapid
57
Q

How can you prevent Vitamin E deficiency

A
  1. maternal supplementation

2. Vitamin E and/or Se injections

58
Q

What are some sources of Vitamin E

A

Animal products (depends on level in diet before slaughter)
Plant sources
- cereal grains
- forage plants (young better than mature; leaves 30x than stems)

59
Q

How many major compounds are associated with Vitamin K? what are they?

A

3 major compounds

  1. phylloquinone (K1) from green plants
  2. menaquinone (K2) from bacteria
  3. menadione (K3) as a water soluble precursor
60
Q

Vitamin K is required for

A

normal blood clotting

is a cofactor in carboxylation of blood clotting factors (“Gla” proteins) by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

61
Q

What factors blood clotting factors require vitamin K

A

Factor II: prothrombin
Factor X: Stuart Factor
Factor VII: proconvertin
Factor IX: “Christmas Factor”

62
Q

Explain Factor II

A

A vitamin K dependent blood clotting factor; prothrombin; the inactive form of thrombin

63
Q

Explain Thrombin

A

A vitamin K dependent blood clotting factor; enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin

64
Q

Explain Fibrin

A

An insoluble fibrous protein “mesh”

Holds clot together

65
Q

Explain protein C & S

A
  • Inactivation of clotting mechanism

- Natural anticoagulants

66
Q

Why is there a complex blood clotting cascade

A
  1. speed of clot formation
  2. localization of clotting
  3. allows for limited bleeding
  4. easier to inactivate the clotting mechanism
67
Q

Is a vitamin K deficiency common in livestock species?

A

NO, not unless they are consuming an antagonist

68
Q

What are two Vitamin K antagonists

A

Dicoumarol and Warfarin

69
Q

Consumption of Dicoumarol causes _____ and is commonly called ____ due to _____

A

Low prothrombin levels which leads to hemorrhaging; “Sweet Clover Disease”; elevated content in moldy sweet clover hay

70
Q

Treatment for sweet clover disease consists of

A

supplementing Vitamin K and blood transfusions

71
Q

Warfarin is found in…

A

rat poison, causing uncontrollable hemorrhaging and death

It is also a blood thinning drug used to control clotting in heart patients, stroke, etc.

72
Q

What are the sources for vitamin K

A

K1 : green vegetables, forages, yolk, meat, dairy
K2 : bacteria in digestive tract
K3 : water soluble supplement (not for humans in the US)

73
Q

Water soluble vitamin deficiencies are ____ in ruminant species due to ____

A

rare: microbes!

74
Q

What conditions allow for water soluble vitamin deficiency

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. depressed intake (starvation/stress)
  3. antagonist consumption

Principles of Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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