Exam 3 water soluble vitamins Flashcards
Thiamin deficiency results in the disease _____ characterized by two forms:
Beri Beri
- lack of energy, severe weight loss, incoordination, edema
- lactic acidosis from the inability to decarboxylate pyruvate
- Wet BeriBeri:
- cardiovascular system affected
- severe edema in extremities
- Dry BeriBeri
- Nervous system affected
- emotional disturbances
Thiamin Deficiency results in the disease ____ which requires a necropsy for diagnostic confirmation
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
- symptoms
- head pressing
- “star gazing” - retracted head/neck position
- Diagnostic confirmation
- take brain and expose it ti UV light, turns blue if affected
Excess ____ can cause a thiamin deficency. ______ is high in this
sulfur; Dried distillers grains with solubles
What are the two thiamin antagonists?
AMPROLIUM
- anticoccidial drug (Corid)
- inhibits protozoal uptake of thiamin
- high doses can create deficiency in treated animals
THIAMINASES
- Bracken fern poisoning
- Raw fish (destroyed by cooking)
* discovered on mink farmsWhat are some sources of Thiamin
- nutritional yeast
- beans, peas, green leafy crops
- egg yolk, liver, kidney
Riboflavin is also known as
Vitamin B2
riboflavin is a constituent of
flavoproteins
- flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
- flavin adenine mononucleotide (FAD)
Riboflavin helps in ___ transport in CHO, lipid metabolism
H
Riboflavin deficiency results in
"CURLED TOE PARALYSIS" in chicks
- nerve degeneration
- toes curl inward ("fists")
"CLUBBED DOWN" in chicks
- embryonic abnormality
- down feather grows inside follicle
- results in coiled feather formation
EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS
- periodic ophthalmia
- "moon blindness"Riboflavin is destroyed by
alkali, exposure to UV light (sunlight)
- Jaundice = build up of bilirubin in skin
- phototherapy destroys bilirubin
- UV light also destroys riboflavin so supplementation is needed
What are some sources of Riboflavin
- nutritional yeast
- liver
- milk
- whey
- green leafy vegetables
What is a poor source of Riboflavin
cereal grains
Niacin is also known as ____ or _____
Vitamin B3; Nicotinamide
Nicotinamide is the active group of what 3 important coenzymes?
- nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
- NAD phosphate (NADP)
Niacin is involved ___ transport in CHO/ lipid metabolism
H
Niacin can be synthesized from
tryptophan but the conversion is inefficient due to competing pathways for serotonin
____ cannot synthesize niacin from tryptophan
cats
Niacin deficiency results in
PELLAGRA
- dermal lesions
- dementia
- diarrhea
- appetite loss, weakness
- more common in humans where corn is a staple food
- corn low in in Trp and available niacin (corn bread in diet in southern US)
- origin of the term “redneck”
What are sources of niacin
- Cereal grains especially corn
- alkali treatments of corn (nixtamalization) makes the unavailable niacin biologically available - Green leafy vegetables
- Animal foods
Pantothenic acid is also known as
vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid is found
in nearly every food
pantothenic acid is a component of
coenzyme A - Transfer of acyl groups in metabolism
Describe pantothenic acid deficiency
it is RARE.
if happens causes locomotor incoordination (“goose stepping”)
Pyroxidine is also known as
Vitamin B6
Pyroxidine is found in what 3 interconvertible forms
- pyridoxine (parent molecule)
- pyridoxal (important)
- pyridoxamine
Pyridoxine deficiency results in
IMPAIRED AMINO ACID METABOLISM - nonessential AA become conditionally essential REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION - anemia SLOW GROWTH, POOR FEATHERING ETC.
What are some sources of pyridoxine
meats
green leafy vegetables
legumes
Biotin is also known as
vitamin B7
Biotin is important in the transport of ____ in metabolism
CO2
What is an antagonist of biotin? where is it found?
AVIDIN
- raw egg whites. binds to biotin making it biologically unavailable in small intestine
- inactivated by cooking (heat)
Biotin deficiency results in
- impaired CHO, FA protein/AA metabolism
- hair loss (alopecia)
- cracking of hooves/ nails
- wart-like lesions of feet in poultry
What are some sources of biotin
liver
eggs
legume seeds
green leafy vegetables
Folic acid is also known as ____ or ____
vitamin B7 or Folacin
Folic acid function as the carrier of
1-C groups
- nucleic acid (purine) metabolism
- conversion of met to cys
Folic acid Deficiency results in
VERY RARE IN LIVESTOCK
- hair/wool/feather abnormalities
- high sulfur AA content
- stunted growth
ELEVATED BLOOD HOMOCYSTEINE
- implicated in the development of heart disease
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTSIN FETUS
- spina bifida (fetal spinal column doesn’t close completely in first month gestation)
- supplemental folic acid for women who are or intend to become pregnant
What are sources of Folic Acid
nuts, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables
Cyanocobalamin is also known as
vitamin b12
what is the most often supplemented form of cobalamin
cyanocobalamin
what is the most active form of cobalamin in the human body
methylcobalamin
cyanocobalamin contain
cobalt
cyanocobalamin function in the conversion of
Met to Cys
related function to folic acid
Cyanocobalamin is synthesized by
naturally exclusively by bacteria (ruminant microbes!!)
is cyanocobalamin found in plants
NO!
strict vegetarian/vegan diets must supplement
What is intrinsic factor? where does it come from
it comes from the parietal cells, it is a carrier protein for absorption of VitB12
cyanocobalamin deficiency can be due to
lack of VitB12, Intrinsic factor or Cobalt
cyanocobalamin deficiency results in
pernicious anemia
- mostly associated with strict vegetarian diet
- lack of cobalt in ruminants
what are sources of cyanocobalamin
ANIMAL FOODS ONLY
Ascorbic acid is also known as
vitamin c
ascorbic acid functions include
- maintenance of collagen
- oxidation reduction reactions
- transport of iron ions (with transferrin)
- antioxidant (recharges/recycles VitE)
Ascorbic Acid deficiency results in
SCURVY
- lack of collagen formation/repair
- deformations of bone, teeth, connective tissue
- Classic symptoms
- bleeding gums
- scaly skin
- corkscrew hair/hair loss
- associated with sailors/pirates
- not consuming VitC (citrus fruits)
Vitamin C is dietary essential for …
only a few species
- humans/other primates
- guinea pigs
- bats
- about 96% of fish species
why is ascorbic acid non essential for most livestock species
it can be synthesized from glucose
