Quiz 5 Material Flashcards
To synthesize protein, ruminants need: (4)
- nitrogen
- c-skeleton
- energy source
- sulfur
Does carbohydrates have a requirement? What is required for energy?
no; calories
What are protein sources for monogastrics and ruminants?
monogastrics - dietary
ruminants - dietary and microbial
What kind of bonds do enzymes present effective on carbs?
alpha
Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for lactase?
decreases
Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for amylase, maltase, and sucrase?
increases
Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for lipase?
stays constant
True or False. Enzymes change by age and diet type.
true
Is glucose absorbed at a higher or lower rate?
higher
Is fructose absorbed at a higher or lower rate than glucose?
lower
What is starch made of? Which one is easier to absorb?
amylose and amylopectin; amylopectin
Is carbohydrate absorption active or passive? By what means?
active; glucose transporters
What 3 types of glucose transporters are there?
- carbohydrate specific
- tissue specific
- all around (transport any sugar)
What are VFAs a product of?
fermentation
Where are VFAs absorbed?
where they’re produced
Where can VFAs be found? (2)
rumen and large intestine
What percentage of energy does VFAs provide for ruminants?
70%
How frequently are VFAs absorbed as produced in order to stabilize the pH?
constantly
How much acetate, propionate, and butyrate does fiber produce? Which one is most preferred and why?
2:2:1; propionate, due to no production of methane
What type of diet will give more acetate?
high fiber diet
What type of diet will give more propionate?
high grain diet
What type of diet will give more butyrate?
fiber diet
What are the 2 feed additives talked about in lecture? What are they also called? Which one can kill a horse?
rumensin and lasalocid; ionophores; lasalocid
What does an ionophore do?
utilize extra carbs
When acetate is absorbed, what does it produce? (2)
ketones
fatty acids by the TCA cycle
When propionate is absorbed, what does it produce in the TCA cycle?
glucose
When butyrate is absorbed, what does it convert to?
ketones
What percentage of gross energy intake loss does methane cause? How can you change the production of methane?
8-10%; diet
How can you change VFA production?
diet
What are the 4 factors affecting glucose absorption?
- short term fasting (decrease rate)
- chronic fasting (increase rate)
- diabetes (absorb faster)
- Endocrinology or endocrine state can change glucose absorption
What 2 things can keep an animal’s glucose in check or keep it in a narrow window?
insulin and glucogon
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
produce energy, turn glucose to either pyruvate or lactate
Where does glycolysis happen?
cytosol
Where does the TCA cycle happen?
mitochondria
How much energy is in 1 glucose?
8 ATP
How much energy is yielded when pyruvate converts to acetyl CoA?
6 ATP
How much energy is produced when acetyl CoA is converted to acetate in the TCA cycle?
24 ATP
How much energy in total is produced in glycolysis?
38 ATP
What is the 2 processes of glycolysis? Which one is preferred?
glucose to pyruvate to acetyl CoA to TCA cycle (preferred)
glucose to pyruvate to lactate (no oxygen present)
Where does the pentose phosphate pathway happen?
cytosol
What is the process of the pentose phosphate pathway?
glucose to glucose 6 phosphate to ribulose
What is ribulose needed for?
nucleic acid production
Explain the 2 stages of the pentose phosphate pathway.
- oxidative phase generates NADPH (reduce oxidative stress due to radicals)
- non-oxidative phase generates 5-carbon (ribulose)
What does the electron transport chain do?
transport electrons
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
produce energy
Where does the electron transport chain happen?
mitochondria, portion in mitochondria membrane
What happens in the TCA cycle in the electron transport chain?
succinate converts to fumarate and fumarate converts to malate
What does FADH convert to in the TCA cycle?
FAD and 2 ATP
What does NADH convert to in the TCA cycle?
NAD and 3 ATP
What is glycogen used for in animals?
store energy
True or False. Glycogen is a limited energy storage. How long can it stay in the body?
true; 24 hrs
How can glycogen storage be altered? (3)
physical training
basal metabolic rate
diet
How much glycogen does an average human have? Athlete?
average human - 280 g
athlete - 500 g
