Quiz 4 Material Flashcards
What are the 3 classifications of lipids?
- simple
- complex
- precursive and derived
What are examples of simple lipids? (3) Out of those 3, which easily digestible?
fats, oils, waxes; fats and oils
What are examples of complex lipids? (2) Where are they found?
phospholipids and glycolipids; cell membranes and nerve tissue
What type of bonds are phospholipids bound by?
phosphate
What type of bonds are glycolipids bound by?
sugar
What are examples of precursive and derived lipids? (3)
- steroids
- eicosanoids
- terpenes
What are 2 examples of steroids?
cholesterol and bile acid
What are the 2 components that make up fatty acids?
acyl chain (CHs) and carboxylic acid
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
tend to be solid at room temp
comes from animal tissue
Unsaturated fatty acids
contains double bonds
tend to be liquid at room temp
comes from plant tissue
What’s are examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
saturated = lard
unsaturated = corn oil
What affect does double bonds have on fatty acids?
change the melting point of compound and structure
What are the different chain lengths in fatty acids? (3) How many carbons are in each one?
- short 1-4 C
- medium 6-10 C
- long 12-24 C
Which fatty acid chain length is the easiest to absorb?
short
What kind of chain fatty acids can plants and animals synthesize?
even and straight
What kind of chain fatty acids can bacteria synthesize?
odd and branched
In ruminants, what are 3 examples of volatile fatty acids? How many carbons are in each?
- acetate (2C)
- propionate (3C)
- butyrate (4C)
What are the 2 isomers of fatty acids? Which one is found in nature and and the other manufactured?
cis and trans; cis - nature; trans - manufactured
Why are trans fats considered bad?
increase LDL which leads to bad cholesterol and increases the chance of clogged arteries and diabetes
What are 2 essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid and linolenic acid
What’s the systematic name for linoleic acid?
18:2
What’s the systematic name for linolenic acid?
18:3
Why are the essential fatty acids not talked about enough?
requirement is low and our diet meets the requirement
Describe the physical characteristics of fats.(4)
- form membranes, micelles, liposome, emulsion, soap with metal (lye soap)
- spontaneously oxidize (antioxidants prevent it)
- source of stored energy
- precursor for hormones, steroids, and cholesterol
What’s are the components of triglyceride? Where is it most commonly found in?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids; feed stuffs and tissues
What are 3 examples of eicosanoids? What are they responsible for?
- prostaglandins (reproduction, inflammatory response)
- thromboxanes and leukotrienes (inflammatory response)
What is cholesterol a precursor to? What are 3 examples?
vitamin D; estrogen, glucocorticoids, and bile acids
What are 2 examples of terpenes? What do they do?
- carotenes - precursor to vitamin d
- xanthophylls - pigments that give egg yolk color, beaks, and feet
Where are lipids absorbed in monogastrics?
small intestine
Where are lipids absorbed in ruminants?
rumen by bacteria
bypass fat - small intestine
What are the 2 methods in the carbon numbering system for naming fatty acids? Where does the numbering start?
numeric and delta; carboxylic end
Here’s an example of a fatty acid using the numeric system: 9,12-18:2. Explain what each number means.
9 and 12: position of double bonds
18: number of carbons
2: number of double bonds
Here’s an example of a fatty acid using the delta system: 18:2 (delta)9,12. Explain what each number means.
18: number of carbons
2: number of double bonds
9 and 12 position of double bonds
Where does the numbering start in the W system when naming fatty acids?
acyl end
Here’s an example of a fatty acid using the W system: 18:1 w-6. Explain what each number means.
18: number of carbons
1: number of double bonds
6: location of double bonds
What are 6 functions of protein?
- structure (muscle and connective tissue)
- regulation of metabolism
- immune protection (antibodies, immunoglobulins)
- transportation and storage (hemoglobin and lipoprotein)
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
What are the 3 components of amino acids?
amine group (NH2), carboxylic acid, R-group
What are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
What is the function of the amino acid tryptophan?
precursor to niacin (B vitamin)
What is the function of the amino acid histidine?
precursor to histamine
What are the 2 classifications of proteins?
simple and conjugated
What do simple proteins consists of?
amino acids only
What are 2 groups of simple protein?
fibrous and globular
What does fibrous protein do? What are 3 examples and where are they found?
provide strength
1. collagen - connective tissue
2. elastins - tendons
3. keratins - hair, hooves, nails, feathers
What does globular proteins function as (2)? What are 2 examples and where are they found?
enzymes and hormones
1. albumins - eggs, milk, serum
2. globulins - antibodies
What are the components of conjugated proteins? What are 2 examples?
protein and another compound
1. lipoprotein
2. glycoprotein
What does it mean to denature a protein?
break down H bonds by either heat or chemicals
Name the 10 essential amino acids.
PVT MAT HILL
arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
valine
tryptophan
Name the 11 nonessential amino acids.
cysteine
tryosine
glycine
aspartic acid
glutamic acid
alanine
proline
asparagine
glutamate
serine
hydroxyproline
Which amino acid is conditionally essential?
arginine
What amino acid is essential for cats?
taurine
Which amino acids contain sulfur? (2)
methionine and cysteine
Which amino acids are rate limiting/1st limiting amino acid? (2) What’s important about these amino acids?
methionine and lysine; must meet the requirements in diet first
Where are proteins absorbed in monogastrics?
small intestine
Where are proteins absorbed in ruminants?
rumen by bacteria
small intestine by bypass protein
