Quiz 1 and 2 Material Flashcards
How are nutritional profiles of individual feed ingredients determined?
analysis
What is nutrition?
steps by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, maintenance, tissue repair, and production
What is a nutrient?
chemical element or compound in a diet that supports life, growth, and reproduction
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
water
protein
carbohydrates
fat
vitamins
minerals
Why is nutrition important?
supports life
What does water do and why is it important?
hydration; essential for life
What is protein used for? How many kcal is 1 gram of protein?
muscle, tissue repair, energy; 4
What are carbohydrates used for? What types are there? How many kcal is in 1 gram of carbs?
energy; fiber and starch; 4
What do vitamins and minerals aid in?
initiate cellular reactions
What are the leading causes of death related to nutrition? (5)
heart disease
diabetes
cancer
stroke
lung disease
What is the economic impact regarding why nutrition is important?
economic impact: 50-60% of production cost is feed
True or False. Chemical analysis is destructive and porvides actual values.
true
What are some examples of chemical analysis?
proximate analysis and van soest analysis
What nutrients are included in proximate analysis?
protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals
What nutrient is included in van soest analysis?
fiber
Is neat infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy a nondestructive method?
yes
How are nondestructive methods different from chemical analysis?
quick, nondestructive, and predicts values
What are examples of animal experiments?
metabolism trials, feeding experiment, in vivo methods
What are examples of microbiological procedures?
in vitro techniques
What is the assumption with crude protein?
all plant protein is 16% nitrogen
What are the 2 methods to evaluate crude protein? Explain them.
kjeldahl - food boil in acid; recovers nitrogen
leco - food combusts in machine; recovers nitrogen gas
What is the formula for % Crude protein?
nitrogen x 6.25
What are the components of crude protein?
protein, amino acids, amine, non protein nitrogen, nitrates, B complex vitamins, and nucleic acids
What are the components of crude fat? What is it boil in to remove fail, oil, and wax?
fat, oils, wax, organic acid, pigments, fat soluble vitamins; ether
What 3 fractions make up crude fiber? What is it boil in to remove fat?
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; acid
What are the components of ash? Where do they get ash from?
macro and microminerals; burning food in furnace
What’s the formula for nitrogen free extract (NFE)?
100 - (crude protein+crude fiber+ether extract +ash)
What are the components for nitrogen free extract?
soluble carbohydrates
What are the weakness of the proximate analysis system?
Not account for soluble carbohydrates; assumption of all plant protein is 16% N
What is the Van Soest method?
Divides up soluble carbohydrates
What makes up neutral detergent fiber?
Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
What makes up acid detergent fiber?
Cellulose, lignin
What is NIR?
Near infrared spectrophotometer
Where in monogastrics does digestion and absorption happen?
Small intestine
Where in ruminants does digestion and absorption happen?
Digestion - rumen (majority)
Absorption - rumen and small intestine
