Quiz 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the main function of the circulatory system
A
delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues
2
Q
what are the two divisions of the circulatory system?
A
the blood vascular (cardiovascular) system and the lymphatic vascular system
3
Q
lymph nodes
A
surve filtration and immune surveillance before returning to the blood circulation
4
Q
what does the tunica intima include?
A
epithelium and CT
5
Q
what does the tunica media include?
A
muscle and supporting CT
6
Q
what does the tunica adventitia include?
A
advential CT
7
Q
what does the tunica intima corrsond to in the heart?
A
endocardium
8
Q
what does the tunica media correspond to in the heart?
A
the myocardium
9
Q
what does the tunica adventitia correspond to in the heart
A
the subepicardium
10
Q
what are the high pressure conducting vessels?
A
the elastic and muscular arteries
11
Q
what are the blood pressure control vessels?
A
arteriole
12
Q
what are the leukocyte escape vessels
A
postcapillary venules
13
Q
what are the low pressure capacitance vessels
A
veins and venules
14
Q
most of the blood in the body is where?
A
in veins
15
Q
mediastinum
A
the central region of the thoracic cavity located between the left and right pleural sacs.
16
Q
what are the vessels entering the heart?
A
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
17
Q
what are the vessels leaving the heart?
A
the pulmonary trunk and aorta
18
Q
describe the rhythmic contractions of the heart
A
Both atria contract simultaneously during atrial systole and relax simultaneously during atrial diastole. Both ventricles contract simultaneously during ventricular systole and relax simultaneously during ventricular diastole.
19
Q
describe the pumonary circut
A
1)the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
2)The right atrium pumps blood through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle.
3)The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary arteries.
4)The pulmonary arteries and branches deliver deoxygenated blood to the lung capillary beds for oxygenation.
20
Q
describe the systemic circuit
A
1)the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lung capillary beds through the pulmonary veins.
2)The left atrium pumps blood through the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve to the left ventricle.
3)The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve to the aorta.
4)The aorta and branches deliver oxygenated blood to capillary beds throughout the body.
21
Q
describe the hepatic portal circuit
A
1) the liver receives oxygenated blood through the hepatic arteries and oxygen-depleted but nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through the hepatic portal vein.
2) Blood from both vessels percolates through a specialized capillary bed in the liver, the hepatic sinusoids, before leaving the liver to enter the inferior vena cava
22
Q
what is a thrombus
A
a clot that forms within the cardiovascular system during life
23
Q
what is an embolus?
A
a thrombus, detached atheromatous plaque, or other foreign body that travels within the cardiovascular system and lodges in a vessel, fully or partially occluding the vessel.
24
Q
what direction does an arterial embolus travel?
A
An arterial embolus travels away from the heart through progressively smaller vessels
25
what direction does a venous embolus travel?
travels toward the heart through progressively larger vessels
26
what is a fibrous pericardium?
A dense connective tissue sleeve that surrounds the heart
27
what is the serous pericardium?
-A closed mesothelial sac
-lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
28
where do the left and right coronary arteries supply?
the first branches of the aorta, supply the heart itself
29
Fibrillation
spontaneous and irregular contraction of cardiac myocytes
30
what initiates ventricualr contraction
purkinje fibers
31
what is the difference with ventricular ad atrial fibrilation?
ventricular fibrilation is not compatabile with life atrial fibrilation can survive
32
Cardiac ‘skeleton’
a pretzel-like configuration of dense connective tissue between the atria and ventricles of the heart
33
annuli
ring of the cardiac skeleton surround and stabilize the valve cusps and provide attachment for both atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle
34
the area in the heart that has alot of adipose tissue is
epicardium and subepicardium
35
the area enclosing the heart by the purkinje fibers is
the endocardium and subendcarium
36
what are the structures at the bottom
purkinje fibers
37
what are lamellar units
in elastic arteries alternating layers of elastin and smooth muscle
38
what is the thickest layer in elastic arteries
the tunica media
39
what is the nervi vasorum
sympathertic motor fiber in the smooth muscle
40
what is the bottom arrow pointing to>
vasa vasorum
41
what is this pointing to?
lamellar unit
42
what is this staining and why is it wavy
elasin
wavy bc waiting to be stretched
43
what is turbulance most often caused by?
sharp time,branch point, or
closing
44
what is a aneurysm?
balloning of the blood vessel becuase of weakness of the vessel wall
45
what is a dissection?
intimal tear and blood leaks into the tunica
46
aortic dissection
blood in the tunica intima of the aortia creating a false lumen
47
what are most arteries?
muscular arteries
48
what is the main purpose of muscular arteries?
control resistance
49
how any layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?
1-2 cell lyers
50
what is the size of a capillary?
1 RBC thick
51
what is the size of a venule
3 RBC thick
52
what are capillaries missing
no media or adventita, or smooth muscle
53
what surrounds capillaries?
pericytes
54
where are continuous capillaries found?
Muscle tissue, connective tissue, lung, skin, the central nervous system, and the placent
| connected with tight juctions
55
where are fenestrated capillaries?
Intestinal mucosa, gallbladder, endocrine and exocrine glands (pancreas), and kidney
56
what are fenestrated capillaries
Endothelial cells have numerous fenestrations or pores, usually closed by diaphragms that restrict passage of large molecules such as proteins
Although the endothelial cells are fenestrated, the basal lamina is continuous
57
where are sinusoidal capillaries?
Liver, spleen, bone marrow, adenohypophysis, and suprarenal medulla
58
what are sinusoidal capillaries?
Endothelial cells with large fenestrations which are also separated by large intercellular junctions. Basal lamina discontinuous or absent (liver).
59
what veins have valves
only limb veins
60
what is the thickest layer in veins?
the adventitia
61
what are special veins
-Large veins closer to heart
-have circular smooth muscle 2-15 layers and collagen fibers
-also have longitudial smooth muscle in subendothelial CT
## Footnote
superior and inferior vena cava,
brachiocephalic veins, portal vein, subclavian veins
62
what is the fuction of lymphatic capillaries?
Absorption of tissue fluid, waste products, and cell debris.
63
what areas dont have lymphatic capillaries?
cartilage, bone, bone marrow, thymus, placenta, cornea, and teeth
64
decribe the lympatic drainage
uneven
65
what is edema
accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces
66
what leads to edema?
An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in plasma osmotic pressure may lead to edema
67
Microfilariae
Microfilariae are the embryonic forms of adult nematodes living in the blood of infected individuals. Microfiliariae may block lymphatic vessels, causing massive lymphedema.
68
what vasculature does atherosclerosis primarily affect?
elastic and muscular arteries
69
describe the formation of atherosclerosis
1)endothelial injury causes INCREASED PERMEABILITY and INCREASED PLATELET AND MONOCYTE ADHESION. Low density lipid (LDL) and monocytes enter the subendothelial connective tissue.
2)Monocytes are activated as MACROPHAGES which engulf lipids and oxidized lipids. Factor release from endothelial cells, platelets, and macrophages induces SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL RECRUITMENT from tunica media and/or circulating SMC precursors.
3) Ongoing EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR LIPID ACCUMULATION. Intracellular lipid in both smooth muscle cells and macrophages (now foam cells). Fatty streaks are now apparent on the artery lumen.
4) atherosclerotic plaque form
70
what is this showing
Coronary artery atherosclerosis
71
what is a flap
a flap is a piece of tissue transferred with the blood supply
72
what is a graft?
a graft is a peice of tissue transferred without the blood supply
73
what are the prominate vasoconstrictors?
endothelin, thromboxane, angiotension II and ADH (vasopressin)
74
what are the prominate vasodilators
nitric oxide, ANP, adenosine, prostacyclin, and B-receptor agonist
75
how does sympathetic activation change blood flow?
it shunts blood away from lymphatics and towards musclle tissue
76
what is a baroreceptor?
a baroreceptor is a specialized sensory innervation of the larger arteries that senses information about stretching of the rescular wall+ sends it to the brain stem
77
what is orthostatic hypotension
loss of the baroreflex
78
what is vasculogenesis
the process by which vessels are formed
79
what is angiogenesis
the process by which vessels elaborate from exsisting vessels
80
label
81
label
82
label
83
84
what are both of the lines pointing to
top capillary
bottom arteriole
85
label
86
what is a valve
an extension of the ensothelial lining ensuring one way flow
87
what are some charateristics to help you recognize lymphatic vessels
The cells are not held in place as well as those of the veins, and their nuclei usually protrude into the vessel lumen. The smaller vessels have an angular appearance to their walls that is not apparent in veins, and the larger vessels may have valves within them
88
what is this pointing to?
internla elastic lamina
89
where are vasa vasorum?
in the tunica adventitia and usually travel alongside a companion vessel
90
what are the layers
91
what do the red and blue arrows point to?
blue: cardiac vein
red: coronary artery
92
Ischemia
blood flow is restricted
93
myocardial infarction
a blockage o f blood blood flow to the heart muscle
94
what is the line pointing to
athrosclerosis
95
what is part of the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, pharyx, and larynx
96
what is part of the lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
97
label this of the outer lung
98
what does the conducting portion of the lung do?
conducts and condisions air
99
where is the end of the conducting portion of the lung?
terminal bronchioles
100
what is the purpose of the respiratory portion of the lungs and what is included?
-gas exchange
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs
101
what are the blood supplies in the lungs
the pulmonary circulation and the bronchial circulation
102
describe the pulmonary circulation
Carrying O2-depleted blood to lungs for gas exchange- returns to heart as well oxygenated blood
103
describe the bronchial circualtion
-Carrying oxygen rich blood to
supply the tissues of the lung and airway
-found exclusively among the collagenous CT accompanying major airways
104
Pulmonaryarteries
*Carry deoxygenated blood
* Travel with the branches of the bronchi and bronchioles down to the capillary level
105
what do the pulmonary veins do?
* Carry oxygenated blood
* Located in connective tissue septum (do NOT run with the pulmonary artery)
106
where is the largest capillary bed of the body located
the lung
107
where is a bronchial artery
in the wall of brinchus or bronchiole
108
where is a pulmonary artery
adjacent to airway
109
where is a pulmonary vein
in CT septa
110
as we move distally through the lungs what happens to the number of elastic fibers
they increase
111
defining characterisitics of the trachea
pseudostratified epithelium, no muscularis muscosae, tracheal submucosal glands, c-shaped cartilage, might have BALT
112
what are cillia made of
microtuble core
113
what does the muscocilliary escalator do?
clears mucus
114
what cells in the repiratory system are the first targets of COVID-19?
Ciliated cells bear ACE2 receptors on their apical surface and thus are the first target of Covid-19
115
decribe brush cells
-Columnar cells with blunt microvilli
-Receptor cell
116
decribe a posible metaplasia in the human respiratory system
* Pseudostratifiedrespiratory epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
* Removal of mucous impaired
* Marked increase in th esize of the mucus secreting glands of the submucosa in the trachea and large bronchi
* Individuals must cough to clear secretions
117
what are the key traits of the bonchi
pseudostratified stratified epithelium, bronchi submucosal glands, cartilage plates, lung tissue around
118
what is this
bronchus
119
what are the two types of bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles and Respiratory bronchioles
120
what are the key characteristics of bronchioles
no cartilage, no glands, simple cuboidal epithelium (club cells)
121
what is the fuction of club cells
Club cells manufacture club cell secretory protein that protects the epithelial lining as well as a surfactant-like substance that helps prevent collapse by reducing surface tension.
122
what is the first region of gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
123
what is the order of airways in the resperatory system after bronchi
Terminal bronchiole- > Respiratory bronchiol-> alveolar duct ->Alveolar
Sac
124
what is responisble for the maintenance of the lungs blood-air barrier?
alveolar septum
125
Type I pneumocytes
-Thin,squamous cells with occluding junctions
-Provide a barrier optimal for gas exchange
126
Type II pneumocytes
-Cuboidal secretory cells with apical cytoplasm that contains lamellar bodies
-Continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli
-stem cell
127
what is the largest component of surfactant
phosphatidylcholine
128
where is the alveoli is there the most elastin and what is its purpose
Elastin is at the tip of alveoli to help open it
129
what are the four compinents that make up the blood-air barrier?
* Thin laye rof surfactant
* Alveolar epithelium(type I pneumocyte cytoplasm)
* Fused basement membranes of the alveolar cell and the endothelial cell
* Endothelial cell
130
what is the fuction of the alveolar pores
-equalize the pressure in the alveoli and so air can circulate between the alveoli
-allow macrophage migration
131
132
133
what is this
trachea
134
what is this
bronchioles
135
what are the lines pointing to
bottom: alveolar sac
top: alveolar duct
136
Alveolar duct
connecting the respiratory bronchioles w the alveolar sacs
137
label all the arrows
138
what is wrong with this lung
it has emphysema and collapsed air spaces
139
what is emphysema?
degradation of elastion in the airway and alveoli, destruction of Interalveolar septa->neighboring alveoli colapse-> decreased in gas exchange surface
area and efficiency
140
what is wrong with this lung
fibrosis
141
what is fibrosis?
A deposition of type I collagen + thickened interalveolar septum decreased effective gas exchange
142
what body cavity are the lungs located within
the pleural cavity
143
endocrine axis
refers to the concept of a chain of hormones that regulate a given system
144
autocrine
the cell has receptors for what it secretes
145
paracrine
affects neighboring cells
146
neurocrine
secretion from a neuron to a cell
147
“true” endocrine
the cell has to secrete its substance into CT to blood and affect distanct areas
148
what are the common carrier proteins in the blood?
-sex hormone binding globulin
-corticosteroid binding globin
-growth hormone
-thyroxine-binding globulin
-transthyretin
149
why do endocrine cells have disturbed cell polarity
-they have to delete their junctional complex on the apical surface to do epithial to mesechymal transition
150
what are the two tyoes of hormones
protien and steroid
151
what are steroid hormones made from
cholesterol
152
how do prteins/peptide hormones work
Generally, Protein hormones are actively stored and released from a cell, diffuse via fenestrated Capillaries into the blood and affect their target organs via cell-surface receptor
153
where can cholesterol come from?
extracellular uptake intracellular mobilization synthesis
154
what are The 2 major hormones produced by adipose tissue
lepin and adiponectin
155
what affect do releasing factors have?
positive feedback
156
what affect do inhibiting factor have?
negative feedback
157
what is a hormone axis
relasing factor made by hypothalamus, affect the pituitary, which relases trophic hormone to target organs
158
what is the CRH axis
CRH relases corticotroph, and the pituitary relases ACTH, which targets the adrenal glands, which relase cortisol
159
what is the TSH axis
the hypothalamus relases thyrotroph, then the pituitary relases TSH, which targets the thyroid gland, which relases T4 and T3 also triggering thermogenesis and protien synthesis
160
what is the LH axis
the hypothalamus relases gonadothroph, thepituitary realsea LH, which triggers the overies to makes estradiol and progesterone and also triggers ovulation
161
what is the FSH axis
the hypothalamus relases gonadotroph, then the pituitary relases FSH, which targets the testes and relases testosterone and inhibin and also triggers spermatogenesis
162
what is the GH hormone axis?
the hypothalamus relases somatotroph, which relases GH from the pituitary, which targets the liver, affecting chondrocytes and IGF-1
163
what is the lactation axis
the hypothalamus realses dopamine, then the pituitaary relases PRL, which targets the boobs and triggers lactation
164
where is the neurohypophysis dervived from
neuroectoderm
165
where is the adenohypophysis derived from
oral ectoderm
166
magnocellular send axons to what
neurohypophysis
167
parvocellular secretes relasesing hormones that
affect the adenohypophysis
168
the axons from the neurohypophysis originate in the
ParaVentricular Nucleus (PVN)
Supra-Optic Nucleus (SON)
169
what area of the brain secretes relasing hormones that affect the adenohypophysis
ParaVentricular Nucleus (PVN)
170
what is the fuction of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin
Control release of growth hormone
171
what is the role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
control release of ACTH
172
what is the role of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
control release of LH and FSH
173
what is the role of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
control release of TSH
174
where does the pituitary lie
in a cavity, called the sella turcica
encapsulated by the sphenoid bone
175
Portal veins
convey blood from capillaries near the hypothalamus to the pituitary pars distalis capillaries
176
what is the cell morphology of growth hormone (GH, somatotropin)
acidophil
177
what is the cell morphology of prolactin (PRL)
acidophil
178
what is the morhhology of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
basophil
179
what is the morphology of gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
basophil
180
what is the morphology of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
basophil
181
what is neuropil
descending axons in the pituitary from hypothalamic neurons
182
what are pituicytes
resident pituitary glial cells control blood-brain barrier
183
what are herring bodies
dilated endings of axons, containing hormones for release into circulation
184
what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?
water retention in kidneys
185
what does oxytocin do?
milk “let-down”
186
what is the order of the layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland
| superficial to deep
capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
187
what is inside these cells
cholesterol
188
decribe the adrenal gland's blood supply
the adrenal medulla receives a dual blood supply w/ some blood arriving through the cortical capillary bed + and some by passing that bed via long cortical arteries
189
what hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce and what does it do?
-aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
-blood pressure, Na resorption
190
what does the zona fasciculata produceand what is its effect
-cortisol (glucocorticoids)
-fat, carbohydrate, protein mobilization, ACTH influence, long-term stress
191
what does the zona reticularis produce and what is its effect?
-DHEA and androgens
-secondary sex characteristics
192
what is the major sourcce of estrogen
the zona reticularis
193
what is the biggest layer of the Adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
194
what cells are in the adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
195
what hormone do chromaffin cells make?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
196
where is the medulla derived from
neural crest cells
197
what cells are in the thyroid?
follicular cells and C-cells
198
what do follicular cells produce and what is its affect?
-T3 and T4 secreted on their basel surface
-protein synthesis and degredation, glycogenesis, lipolysis, heart rate, general growth and metabolism
199
what do C-cells produce and what is its affect?
-calcitonin
-lowers blood Ca++
-a type of cell in the thyroid
200
what does the colloid store
-iodine
thyroglobulin (holds tyrosines)
MIT (mono-iodinated tyrosine)
DIT (di-iodinated tyrosine)
201
what is goiter
iodine deficiency
enlargement of the thyroid
202
what is graves disease
autoimmunity to TSH receptor
203
what cells are in the parathyroid?
principal cells and oxyphil cells
204
what do parathyroid principal cells secrete and what is its effect?
-parathormone (PTH)
-calcium regulation (antagonist of calcitonin)
205
what are pinealocytes
hormone producing cell that produced melatonin which controls circasian rhythms
206
what is brain sand and what organ is it in
calcium deposits in the pineal gland
207
what cells are in the pancreatic islets?
alpha, beta, delta, PP, epsilon
208
what do alpha cells in the pancreatic islets produce and what does it do?
-glucagon
-raise blood glucose
209
what does beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what does it do?
-insulin
-lower blood glucose
| majority cell type
210
what do delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is its effect?
-somatostatin
-inhibit pancreatic secretions
211
what doe PP cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is the effect?
-pancreacic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide
-appetite regulation
212
what do the epsilon cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is its effect?
-ghrelin
-appetite regulation
213
what are the major fat depots
subcutaneous and visceral
214
what are the hormones that adipose tissue secrets
leptin-satiety
adiponectin-glucose regulation/insulin sensitivity
215
describe the inflammatory response of leptin and adiponectin
* leptin produces inflammatory response
* adiponectin produces antiinflammatory response
216
what homeones do the testis produce and what is the effect?
testosterone-male sex characteristics
inhibin-feedback hormone
217
what hormones does the ovaries produce and what is the effect?
estrogen-uterine maturation
progesterone-uterine receptivity
218
what hormones does the placenta produce and what is its effect?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-maintenance of pregnancy
219
what are the 4 types of estrogens
estrone, estradiol, estrial, and estetrol
220
androgen binding protien
is used to bind and concentrate testosterone in duct and gland epithelia
221
anti-mullerian hormone
regulates sex hormone production in childhood
222
where are the ovary and testis derived from
mesoderm
223
where is the adrenal cortex derived from
mesoderm
224
where is the pancreas derived from?
endoderm
225
where is the thyroid derived from?
endoderm
226
where is the parathyroid derived from
endoderm
227
where is the pineal gland derived from
neural ectoderm
228
where is the pineal gland derived from
neural ectoderm
229
where is the adrenal medulla dervied from?
ectomesenchyme
230
what is this
islets of langerhans in the pancreas
231
label this parathyroid
232
what regulates melatonin production
light
233
brain sand in the pineal gland
234
what organ are we in, what is the pink stuff in the middle and what are the cells around it
thyroid
235
how can you tell if a thyroid is more or less active?
more active cells will be more cuboidal
less active will be more squamous
236
what is the bottom line pointing to?
c-cells making calcitonin
237
where is the neruohypophysis and adenohpypopphysis
238
what is the line pointing to and where is it located
harring bodies in the neurohypophysis
239
label the cells of the adenopophysis
240
what is special about these cells
have cholesterol in the inside
241
which area of the adrenal cortext has the least amount of intracellular cholesterol
zona reticularis
242
what are the lines pointing to?
medullary arteries which are arterioles that traverse the cortex
243
what are the cells in the adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
244
what are the major products of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
244
what are the major products of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
245
