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COT > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the circulatory system

A

delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the circulatory system?

A

the blood vascular (cardiovascular) system and the lymphatic vascular system

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3
Q

lymph nodes

A

surve filtration and immune surveillance before returning to the blood circulation

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4
Q

what does the tunica intima include?

A

epithelium and CT

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5
Q

what does the tunica media include?

A

muscle and supporting CT

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6
Q

what does the tunica adventitia include?

A

advential CT

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7
Q

what does the tunica intima corrsond to in the heart?

A

endocardium

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8
Q

what does the tunica media correspond to in the heart?

A

the myocardium

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9
Q

what does the tunica adventitia correspond to in the heart

A

the subepicardium

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10
Q

what are the high pressure conducting vessels?

A

the elastic and muscular arteries

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11
Q

what are the blood pressure control vessels?

A

arteriole

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12
Q

what are the leukocyte escape vessels

A

postcapillary venules

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13
Q

what are the low pressure capacitance vessels

A

veins and venules

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14
Q

most of the blood in the body is where?

A

in veins

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15
Q

mediastinum

A

the central region of the thoracic cavity located between the left and right pleural sacs.

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16
Q

what are the vessels entering the heart?

A

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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17
Q

what are the vessels leaving the heart?

A

the pulmonary trunk and aorta

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18
Q

describe the rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

Both atria contract simultaneously during atrial systole and relax simultaneously during atrial diastole. Both ventricles contract simultaneously during ventricular systole and relax simultaneously during ventricular diastole.

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19
Q

describe the pumonary circut

A

1)the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
2)The right atrium pumps blood through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle.
3)The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary arteries.
4)The pulmonary arteries and branches deliver deoxygenated blood to the lung capillary beds for oxygenation.

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20
Q

describe the systemic circuit

A

1)the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lung capillary beds through the pulmonary veins.
2)The left atrium pumps blood through the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve to the left ventricle.
3)The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve to the aorta.
4)The aorta and branches deliver oxygenated blood to capillary beds throughout the body.

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21
Q

describe the hepatic portal circuit

A

1) the liver receives oxygenated blood through the hepatic arteries and oxygen-depleted but nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through the hepatic portal vein.
2) Blood from both vessels percolates through a specialized capillary bed in the liver, the hepatic sinusoids, before leaving the liver to enter the inferior vena cava

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22
Q

what is a thrombus

A

a clot that forms within the cardiovascular system during life

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23
Q

what is an embolus?

A

a thrombus, detached atheromatous plaque, or other foreign body that travels within the cardiovascular system and lodges in a vessel, fully or partially occluding the vessel.

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24
Q

what direction does an arterial embolus travel?

A

An arterial embolus travels away from the heart through progressively smaller vessels

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25
Q

what direction does a venous embolus travel?

A

travels toward the heart through progressively larger vessels

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26
Q

what is a fibrous pericardium?

A

A dense connective tissue sleeve that surrounds the heart

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27
Q

what is the serous pericardium?

A

-A closed mesothelial sac
-lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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28
Q

where do the left and right coronary arteries supply?

A

the first branches of the aorta, supply the heart itself

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29
Q

Fibrillation

A

spontaneous and irregular contraction of cardiac myocytes

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30
Q

what initiates ventricualr contraction

A

purkinje fibers

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31
Q

what is the difference with ventricular ad atrial fibrilation?

A

ventricular fibrilation is not compatabile with life atrial fibrilation can survive

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32
Q

Cardiac ‘skeleton’

A

a pretzel-like configuration of dense connective tissue between the atria and ventricles of the heart

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33
Q

annuli

A

ring of the cardiac skeleton surround and stabilize the valve cusps and provide attachment for both atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle

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34
Q

the area in the heart that has alot of adipose tissue is

A

epicardium and subepicardium

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35
Q

the area enclosing the heart by the purkinje fibers is

A

the endocardium and subendcarium

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36
Q

what are the structures at the bottom

A

purkinje fibers

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37
Q

what are lamellar units

A

in elastic arteries alternating layers of elastin and smooth muscle

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38
Q

what is the thickest layer in elastic arteries

A

the tunica media

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39
Q

what is the nervi vasorum

A

sympathertic motor fiber in the smooth muscle

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40
Q

what is the bottom arrow pointing to>

A

vasa vasorum

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41
Q

what is this pointing to?

A

lamellar unit

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42
Q

what is this staining and why is it wavy

A

elasin
wavy bc waiting to be stretched

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43
Q

what is turbulance most often caused by?

A

sharp time,branch point, or
closing

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44
Q

what is a aneurysm?

A

balloning of the blood vessel becuase of weakness of the vessel wall

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45
Q

what is a dissection?

A

intimal tear and blood leaks into the tunica

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46
Q

aortic dissection

A

blood in the tunica intima of the aortia creating a false lumen

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47
Q

what are most arteries?

A

muscular arteries

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48
Q

what is the main purpose of muscular arteries?

A

control resistance

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49
Q

how any layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?

A

1-2 cell lyers

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50
Q

what is the size of a capillary?

A

1 RBC thick

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51
Q

what is the size of a venule

A

3 RBC thick

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52
Q

what are capillaries missing

A

no media or adventita, or smooth muscle

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53
Q

what surrounds capillaries?

A

pericytes

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54
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, lung, skin, the central nervous system, and the placent

connected with tight juctions

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55
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Intestinal mucosa, gallbladder, endocrine and exocrine glands (pancreas), and kidney

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56
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

Endothelial cells have numerous fenestrations or pores, usually closed by diaphragms that restrict passage of large molecules such as proteins
Although the endothelial cells are fenestrated, the basal lamina is continuous

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57
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, adenohypophysis, and suprarenal medulla

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58
Q

what are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells with large fenestrations which are also separated by large intercellular junctions. Basal lamina discontinuous or absent (liver).

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59
Q

what veins have valves

A

only limb veins

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60
Q

what is the thickest layer in veins?

A

the adventitia

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61
Q

what are special veins

A

-Large veins closer to heart
-have circular smooth muscle 2-15 layers and collagen fibers
-also have longitudial smooth muscle in subendothelial CT

superior and inferior vena cava,
brachiocephalic veins, portal vein, subclavian veins

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62
Q

what is the fuction of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Absorption of tissue fluid, waste products, and cell debris.

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63
Q

what areas dont have lymphatic capillaries?

A

cartilage, bone, bone marrow, thymus, placenta, cornea, and teeth

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64
Q

decribe the lympatic drainage

A

uneven

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65
Q

what is edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces

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66
Q

what leads to edema?

A

An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in plasma osmotic pressure may lead to edema

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67
Q

Microfilariae

A

Microfilariae are the embryonic forms of adult nematodes living in the blood of infected individuals. Microfiliariae may block lymphatic vessels, causing massive lymphedema.

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68
Q

what vasculature does atherosclerosis primarily affect?

A

elastic and muscular arteries

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69
Q

describe the formation of atherosclerosis

A

1)endothelial injury causes INCREASED PERMEABILITY and INCREASED PLATELET AND MONOCYTE ADHESION. Low density lipid (LDL) and monocytes enter the subendothelial connective tissue.
2)Monocytes are activated as MACROPHAGES which engulf lipids and oxidized lipids. Factor release from endothelial cells, platelets, and macrophages induces SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL RECRUITMENT from tunica media and/or circulating SMC precursors.
3) Ongoing EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR LIPID ACCUMULATION. Intracellular lipid in both smooth muscle cells and macrophages (now foam cells). Fatty streaks are now apparent on the artery lumen.
4) atherosclerotic plaque form

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70
Q

what is this showing

A

Coronary artery atherosclerosis

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71
Q

what is a flap

A

a flap is a piece of tissue transferred with the blood supply

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72
Q

what is a graft?

A

a graft is a peice of tissue transferred without the blood supply

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73
Q

what are the prominate vasoconstrictors?

A

endothelin, thromboxane, angiotension II and ADH (vasopressin)

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74
Q

what are the prominate vasodilators

A

nitric oxide, ANP, adenosine, prostacyclin, and B-receptor agonist

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75
Q

how does sympathetic activation change blood flow?

A

it shunts blood away from lymphatics and towards musclle tissue

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76
Q

what is a baroreceptor?

A

a baroreceptor is a specialized sensory innervation of the larger arteries that senses information about stretching of the rescular wall+ sends it to the brain stem

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77
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension

A

loss of the baroreflex

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78
Q

what is vasculogenesis

A

the process by which vessels are formed

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79
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

the process by which vessels elaborate from exsisting vessels

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80
Q

label

A
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81
Q

label

A
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82
Q

label

A
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83
Q
A
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84
Q

what are both of the lines pointing to

A

top capillary
bottom arteriole

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85
Q

label

A
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86
Q

what is a valve

A

an extension of the ensothelial lining ensuring one way flow

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87
Q

what are some charateristics to help you recognize lymphatic vessels

A

The cells are not held in place as well as those of the veins, and their nuclei usually protrude into the vessel lumen. The smaller vessels have an angular appearance to their walls that is not apparent in veins, and the larger vessels may have valves within them

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88
Q

what is this pointing to?

A

internla elastic lamina

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89
Q

where are vasa vasorum?

A

in the tunica adventitia and usually travel alongside a companion vessel

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90
Q

what are the layers

A
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91
Q

what do the red and blue arrows point to?

A

blue: cardiac vein
red: coronary artery

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92
Q

Ischemia

A

blood flow is restricted

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93
Q

myocardial infarction

A

a blockage o f blood blood flow to the heart muscle

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94
Q

what is the line pointing to

A

athrosclerosis

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95
Q

what is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharyx, and larynx

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96
Q

what is part of the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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97
Q

label this of the outer lung

A
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98
Q

what does the conducting portion of the lung do?

A

conducts and condisions air

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99
Q

where is the end of the conducting portion of the lung?

A

terminal bronchioles

100
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory portion of the lungs and what is included?

A

-gas exchange
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

101
Q

what are the blood supplies in the lungs

A

the pulmonary circulation and the bronchial circulation

102
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation

A

Carrying O2-depleted blood to lungs for gas exchange- returns to heart as well oxygenated blood

103
Q

describe the bronchial circualtion

A

-Carrying oxygen rich blood to
supply the tissues of the lung and airway
-found exclusively among the collagenous CT accompanying major airways

104
Q

Pulmonaryarteries

A

*Carry deoxygenated blood
* Travel with the branches of the bronchi and bronchioles down to the capillary level

105
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do?

A
  • Carry oxygenated blood
  • Located in connective tissue septum (do NOT run with the pulmonary artery)
106
Q

where is the largest capillary bed of the body located

A

the lung

107
Q

where is a bronchial artery

A

in the wall of brinchus or bronchiole

108
Q

where is a pulmonary artery

A

adjacent to airway

109
Q

where is a pulmonary vein

A

in CT septa

110
Q

as we move distally through the lungs what happens to the number of elastic fibers

A

they increase

111
Q

defining characterisitics of the trachea

A

pseudostratified epithelium, no muscularis muscosae, tracheal submucosal glands, c-shaped cartilage, might have BALT

112
Q

what are cillia made of

A

microtuble core

113
Q

what does the muscocilliary escalator do?

A

clears mucus

114
Q

what cells in the repiratory system are the first targets of COVID-19?

A

Ciliated cells bear ACE2 receptors on their apical surface and thus are the first target of Covid-19

115
Q

decribe brush cells

A

-Columnar cells with blunt microvilli
-Receptor cell

116
Q

decribe a posible metaplasia in the human respiratory system

A
  • Pseudostratifiedrespiratory epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
  • Removal of mucous impaired
  • Marked increase in th esize of the mucus secreting glands of the submucosa in the trachea and large bronchi
  • Individuals must cough to clear secretions
117
Q

what are the key traits of the bonchi

A

pseudostratified stratified epithelium, bronchi submucosal glands, cartilage plates, lung tissue around

118
Q

what is this

A

bronchus

119
Q

what are the two types of bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles and Respiratory bronchioles

120
Q

what are the key characteristics of bronchioles

A

no cartilage, no glands, simple cuboidal epithelium (club cells)

121
Q

what is the fuction of club cells

A

Club cells manufacture club cell secretory protein that protects the epithelial lining as well as a surfactant-like substance that helps prevent collapse by reducing surface tension.

122
Q

what is the first region of gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchioles

123
Q

what is the order of airways in the resperatory system after bronchi

A

Terminal bronchiole- > Respiratory bronchiol-> alveolar duct ->Alveolar
Sac

124
Q

what is responisble for the maintenance of the lungs blood-air barrier?

A

alveolar septum

125
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

-Thin,squamous cells with occluding junctions
-Provide a barrier optimal for gas exchange

126
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

-Cuboidal secretory cells with apical cytoplasm that contains lamellar bodies
-Continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli
-stem cell

127
Q

what is the largest component of surfactant

A

phosphatidylcholine

128
Q

where is the alveoli is there the most elastin and what is its purpose

A

Elastin is at the tip of alveoli to help open it

129
Q

what are the four compinents that make up the blood-air barrier?

A
  • Thin laye rof surfactant
  • Alveolar epithelium(type I pneumocyte cytoplasm)
  • Fused basement membranes of the alveolar cell and the endothelial cell
  • Endothelial cell
130
Q

what is the fuction of the alveolar pores

A

-equalize the pressure in the alveoli and so air can circulate between the alveoli
-allow macrophage migration

131
Q
A
132
Q
A
133
Q

what is this

A

trachea

134
Q

what is this

A

bronchioles

135
Q

what are the lines pointing to

A

bottom: alveolar sac
top: alveolar duct

136
Q

Alveolar duct

A

connecting the respiratory bronchioles w the alveolar sacs

137
Q

label all the arrows

A
138
Q

what is wrong with this lung

A

it has emphysema and collapsed air spaces

139
Q

what is emphysema?

A

degradation of elastion in the airway and alveoli, destruction of Interalveolar septa->neighboring alveoli colapse-> decreased in gas exchange surface
area and efficiency

140
Q

what is wrong with this lung

A

fibrosis

141
Q

what is fibrosis?

A

A deposition of type I collagen + thickened interalveolar septum decreased effective gas exchange

142
Q

what body cavity are the lungs located within

A

the pleural cavity

143
Q

endocrine axis

A

refers to the concept of a chain of hormones that regulate a given system

144
Q

autocrine

A

the cell has receptors for what it secretes

145
Q

paracrine

A

affects neighboring cells

146
Q

neurocrine

A

secretion from a neuron to a cell

147
Q

“true” endocrine

A

the cell has to secrete its substance into CT to blood and affect distanct areas

148
Q

what are the common carrier proteins in the blood?

A

-sex hormone binding globulin
-corticosteroid binding globin
-growth hormone
-thyroxine-binding globulin
-transthyretin

149
Q

why do endocrine cells have disturbed cell polarity

A

-they have to delete their junctional complex on the apical surface to do epithial to mesechymal transition

150
Q

what are the two tyoes of hormones

A

protien and steroid

151
Q

what are steroid hormones made from

A

cholesterol

152
Q

how do prteins/peptide hormones work

A

Generally, Protein hormones are actively stored and released from a cell, diffuse via fenestrated Capillaries into the blood and affect their target organs via cell-surface receptor

153
Q

where can cholesterol come from?

A

extracellular uptake intracellular mobilization synthesis

154
Q

what are The 2 major hormones produced by adipose tissue

A

lepin and adiponectin

155
Q

what affect do releasing factors have?

A

positive feedback

156
Q

what affect do inhibiting factor have?

A

negative feedback

157
Q

what is a hormone axis

A

relasing factor made by hypothalamus, affect the pituitary, which relases trophic hormone to target organs

158
Q

what is the CRH axis

A

CRH relases corticotroph, and the pituitary relases ACTH, which targets the adrenal glands, which relase cortisol

159
Q

what is the TSH axis

A

the hypothalamus relases thyrotroph, then the pituitary relases TSH, which targets the thyroid gland, which relases T4 and T3 also triggering thermogenesis and protien synthesis

160
Q

what is the LH axis

A

the hypothalamus relases gonadothroph, thepituitary realsea LH, which triggers the overies to makes estradiol and progesterone and also triggers ovulation

161
Q

what is the FSH axis

A

the hypothalamus relases gonadotroph, then the pituitary relases FSH, which targets the testes and relases testosterone and inhibin and also triggers spermatogenesis

162
Q

what is the GH hormone axis?

A

the hypothalamus relases somatotroph, which relases GH from the pituitary, which targets the liver, affecting chondrocytes and IGF-1

163
Q

what is the lactation axis

A

the hypothalamus realses dopamine, then the pituitaary relases PRL, which targets the boobs and triggers lactation

164
Q

where is the neurohypophysis dervived from

A

neuroectoderm

165
Q

where is the adenohypophysis derived from

A

oral ectoderm

166
Q

magnocellular send axons to what

A

neurohypophysis

167
Q

parvocellular secretes relasesing hormones that

A

affect the adenohypophysis

168
Q

the axons from the neurohypophysis originate in the

A

ParaVentricular Nucleus (PVN)
Supra-Optic Nucleus (SON)

169
Q

what area of the brain secretes relasing hormones that affect the adenohypophysis

A

ParaVentricular Nucleus (PVN)

170
Q

what is the fuction of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin

A

Control release of growth hormone

171
Q

what is the role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

control release of ACTH

172
Q

what is the role of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

control release of LH and FSH

173
Q

what is the role of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

control release of TSH

174
Q

where does the pituitary lie

A

in a cavity, called the sella turcica
encapsulated by the sphenoid bone

175
Q

Portal veins

A

convey blood from capillaries near the hypothalamus to the pituitary pars distalis capillaries

176
Q

what is the cell morphology of growth hormone (GH, somatotropin)

A

acidophil

177
Q

what is the cell morphology of prolactin (PRL)

A

acidophil

178
Q

what is the morhhology of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

A

basophil

179
Q

what is the morphology of gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

basophil

180
Q

what is the morphology of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

basophil

181
Q

what is neuropil

A

descending axons in the pituitary from hypothalamic neurons

182
Q

what are pituicytes

A

resident pituitary glial cells control blood-brain barrier

183
Q

what are herring bodies

A

dilated endings of axons, containing hormones for release into circulation

184
Q

what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A

water retention in kidneys

185
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

milk “let-down”

186
Q

what is the order of the layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland

superficial to deep

A

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

187
Q

what is inside these cells

A

cholesterol

188
Q

decribe the adrenal gland’s blood supply

A

the adrenal medulla receives a dual blood supply w/ some blood arriving through the cortical capillary bed + and some by passing that bed via long cortical arteries

189
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce and what does it do?

A

-aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
-blood pressure, Na resorption

190
Q

what does the zona fasciculata produceand what is its effect

A

-cortisol (glucocorticoids)
-fat, carbohydrate, protein mobilization, ACTH influence, long-term stress

191
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce and what is its effect?

A

-DHEA and androgens
-secondary sex characteristics

192
Q

what is the major sourcce of estrogen

A

the zona reticularis

193
Q

what is the biggest layer of the Adrenal cortex

A

zona fasciculata

194
Q

what cells are in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells

195
Q

what hormone do chromaffin cells make?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

196
Q

where is the medulla derived from

A

neural crest cells

197
Q

what cells are in the thyroid?

A

follicular cells and C-cells

198
Q

what do follicular cells produce and what is its affect?

A

-T3 and T4 secreted on their basel surface
-protein synthesis and degredation, glycogenesis, lipolysis, heart rate, general growth and metabolism

199
Q

what do C-cells produce and what is its affect?

A

-calcitonin
-lowers blood Ca++
-a type of cell in the thyroid

200
Q

what does the colloid store

A

-iodine
thyroglobulin (holds tyrosines)
MIT (mono-iodinated tyrosine)
DIT (di-iodinated tyrosine)

201
Q

what is goiter

A

iodine deficiency
enlargement of the thyroid

202
Q

what is graves disease

A

autoimmunity to TSH receptor

203
Q

what cells are in the parathyroid?

A

principal cells and oxyphil cells

204
Q

what do parathyroid principal cells secrete and what is its effect?

A

-parathormone (PTH)
-calcium regulation (antagonist of calcitonin)

205
Q

what are pinealocytes

A

hormone producing cell that produced melatonin which controls circasian rhythms

206
Q

what is brain sand and what organ is it in

A

calcium deposits in the pineal gland

207
Q

what cells are in the pancreatic islets?

A

alpha, beta, delta, PP, epsilon

208
Q

what do alpha cells in the pancreatic islets produce and what does it do?

A

-glucagon
-raise blood glucose

209
Q

what does beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what does it do?

A

-insulin
-lower blood glucose

majority cell type

210
Q

what do delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is its effect?

A

-somatostatin
-inhibit pancreatic secretions

211
Q

what doe PP cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is the effect?

A

-pancreacic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide
-appetite regulation

212
Q

what do the epsilon cells of the pancreatic islets produce and what is its effect?

A

-ghrelin
-appetite regulation

213
Q

what are the major fat depots

A

subcutaneous and visceral

214
Q

what are the hormones that adipose tissue secrets

A

leptin-satiety
adiponectin-glucose regulation/insulin sensitivity

215
Q

describe the inflammatory response of leptin and adiponectin

A
  • leptin produces inflammatory response
  • adiponectin produces antiinflammatory response
216
Q

what homeones do the testis produce and what is the effect?

A

testosterone-male sex characteristics
inhibin-feedback hormone

217
Q

what hormones does the ovaries produce and what is the effect?

A

estrogen-uterine maturation
progesterone-uterine receptivity

218
Q

what hormones does the placenta produce and what is its effect?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-maintenance of pregnancy

219
Q

what are the 4 types of estrogens

A

estrone, estradiol, estrial, and estetrol

220
Q

androgen binding protien

A

is used to bind and concentrate testosterone in duct and gland epithelia

221
Q

anti-mullerian hormone

A

regulates sex hormone production in childhood

222
Q

where are the ovary and testis derived from

A

mesoderm

223
Q

where is the adrenal cortex derived from

A

mesoderm

224
Q

where is the pancreas derived from?

A

endoderm

225
Q

where is the thyroid derived from?

A

endoderm

226
Q

where is the parathyroid derived from

A

endoderm

227
Q

where is the pineal gland derived from

A

neural ectoderm

228
Q

where is the pineal gland derived from

A

neural ectoderm

229
Q

where is the adrenal medulla dervied from?

A

ectomesenchyme

230
Q

what is this

A

islets of langerhans in the pancreas

231
Q

label this parathyroid

A
232
Q

what regulates melatonin production

A

light

233
Q
A

brain sand in the pineal gland

234
Q

what organ are we in, what is the pink stuff in the middle and what are the cells around it

A

thyroid

235
Q

how can you tell if a thyroid is more or less active?

A

more active cells will be more cuboidal
less active will be more squamous

236
Q

what is the bottom line pointing to?

A

c-cells making calcitonin

237
Q

where is the neruohypophysis and adenohpypopphysis

A
238
Q

what is the line pointing to and where is it located

A

harring bodies in the neurohypophysis

239
Q

label the cells of the adenopophysis

A
240
Q

what is special about these cells

A

have cholesterol in the inside

241
Q

which area of the adrenal cortext has the least amount of intracellular cholesterol

A

zona reticularis

242
Q

what are the lines pointing to?

A

medullary arteries which are arterioles that traverse the cortex

243
Q

what are the cells in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells

244
Q

what are the major products of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

244
Q

what are the major products of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

245
Q
A

COT (8 decks)

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