Quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what does MSC stand for?
A
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
2
Q
What cells does MSC produce?
A
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, and muscle tissue
3
Q
Transdifferentiation
A
converting one cell type into another
4
Q
de-differentiation
A
regressing a cell type into an earlier precursor cell
5
Q
what are the components of connective tissue
A
ground substance, Cell(motile and non-motile), Fibers(collagen, elastin, reticularis fibers)
6
Q
Matrix
A
the extracellular components of a CT so its fibers and hydrated groups
7
Q
Mesenchyme
A
highly cellular embryonic CT that is low in fibers, and high in cells, and high in ground substance
8
Q
How does muscle develop in from CT?
A
develops from condensation of mesenchyme
9
Q
Collagens
A
most commonly secreted fiber
in connective tissue large rope-like structure
10
Q
what are some examples of CT that is highly fibrous?
A
tendones, ligaments, fascia, cartilage, and bone
11
Q
what is this tissue
A
unilocular adipocytes
12
Q
what are unilocular adipocytes?
A
large cells that store lipids and after occur together in large masses are clumps
13
Q
what is this tissue?
A
Multilocular adipocytes
14
Q
what are multilocular adipocytes?
A
lipid storing cells specialized for heat production they are rich in mitochondria which is why you see white circles in them
15
Q
what is beige fat?
A
unilocular adipocytes can adopt the heat generating properties of multilocular cells
16
Q
What happens when adipocytes get too big?
A
Chronic inflammation which recruits the immune system
17
Q
how are white, beige, and brown fat link lineage wise?
A
white and beige are linked and brown has a separate lineage
18
Q
How are bone and cartilage linked?
A
they are always bounded by a collagen sheet
19
Q
What are the cells that produce bone and cartilage?
A
osteocytes and chondrocytes
20
Q
what type of collagen is bone composed of?
A
Type I
21
Q
What is the purpose of type X collagen?
A
used as a scaffold when types I collagen is first being formed?
22
Q
What is the major collagen of the cartilage matrix?
A
Type II collagen
23
Q
What do proteoglycans do?
A
retain water, stiffen matix, and resist compression
24
Q
Would you consider blood to be a connective tissue…why or why not?
A
answers for it
It is highly cellular has few fibers except fibrin, and has a ground substance
answers against
separate lineage
25
what determines whether a fat will be thermogenic?
-UCP-1 in mitochondria
-it changes the product of mitochondrial respiration from ATP to heat
26
How are adipocytes involved in modulating hunger?
they produce hormones that modulate hunger or satiety
27
Fibroblasts
main cell in CT
responsible for the production,remodeling, and degradation of matrix and ground substance
28
Myofibroblasts
myosin producting subtype of fibroblasts specialized to gerate force
29
type I collagen
dominate large fiber of connective tissue. Plays structural and space filling roles.
30
How is type I collagen synthesized?
it is synthesized as a triple helix procollagen molecule and alligned and cross-linked extracellularly into fibrils
31
Type III collagen
Dominate small fiber of CT, and dominant fiber in mesenchyme. Provides support to highly cellular regions
32
Elastic fibers
composed of proteins elastin and are found where stretchiness is required
33
What is the role of type IV collagen?
forms the lamina densa for the basement membrane
34
What is the role of type VII collagen?
forms anchoring filaments in lamina reticularis
35
What is the role of type II collagen?
structural component of cartilage
36
What is the role of type V collagen?
necessary for the building of type I and III. found at the sites of collagen synthesis
37
Dense regular connective tissue
has mostly type I collagen
1 dimension
in tendons and ligaments
38
what type of connective tissue is this?
Dense regular connective tissue
39
Dense sheet-like connective tissue
mostly type I connective tissue arranged in a 2D sheet. sound where compartmentalization of connective tissue is nessasary
40
How is type III collagen visualized?
silver stain
41
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
mostly type I collagen
all three dimensions
does not allow for cell motillity
42
what type of connective tissue is this?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
43
Loose connective tissue
type three collagen and lots of ground substance, always irregular in orientation. Found is layer that need movement for immune cells
44
What type of connective tissue is this?
Loose connective tissue
45
Perineuronal nets
proteoglycans in the brain that can help label neurons
46
Ulceration
too many cells that dissolve structural components of an organ wall
47
Cyst
wall off an area by depositing thick connective tissue
48
How do keloids develop?
too much collagen is produced or it's in the wrong direction
49
what is a hypertrophic scar?
flat appearance at the margin, collagen parallel to surface and increased myofibroblast count
50
How are elastin fiber visualized?
Verhoeff stain which stains them deep purple to black
51
what are the layers of the basement membrane?
lamina lucida
lamina densa
lamina reticularis
52
What are these lines pointing to?
loose connective tissue on the left
dense connective tissue on the right
53
What is this pointing to?
reticular fibers
54
what is diapedesis?
how leukocytes leave the circulation
55
what is paracellular extravasation?
the migratory cell moves through the
transiently-broken junctional complex between two epithelial cells.
56
What is transcellular intervasation?
the migratory cell pierces the endothelial cell body (or a fenestration), is most common in the bone marrow
57
What are some other cell immune defenses?
surface secretions, junctional complex,basement membrane
fiber matrix
proteoglycans
58
what is tissue swelling caused by and what's it purpose?
the addition of fluid (plasma filtrate) to the CT, and its purpose is to allow easier mobility for the motile cells of CT
59
What happens in chronic inflammation?
in chronic inflammation, stromal cells may acquire the function of an inflammation response. This is significant because the immune system regulates itself to eventually resolve the inflammation, whereas stromal cells are less easily regulated.
60
What is the role of Mast cells
pro-inflammation, soley found in the CT, have specific granules that contain histamine, a mediator of inflammation and heparin, an anticoagulant.
61
Are basophils in the blood stream?
basophils do exist and have important immune-modulatory functions in CT but are rare
62
Eosinophils
mediate allergic responses and kill parasites
63
what is intravasation?
entering blood stream
64
what is extravasation?
exciting bloodstream
65
which one is more common intravasation or extravasation?
extravasation
66
how does diapedesis work?
diapedesis uses a very complex system that can signal different leukocytes and be very specific
or general
67
Paracellular diapedesis
between two endothelial cells; breaks tight junctions and basement membrane
68
transcellular diapedesis
Migration through a pore in an individual endothelial cell
69
Calor
heat
70
dolor
pain
71
rubor
redness
72
tumor
swelling
73
selectin
mediates rolling adhesion
74
ICAM -1
intercellular adhesion
molecule
75
what cell is this and what are it's identifiers?
Mast cell
round nucleus
pink granules
76
what cell is this and what are it's identifiers?
Eosinophil
pink granules
lobed nucleus
77
eosinophil granules
line down middle caused by internum which is the major basic protein and outside part is externum
78
what cell is this and what are it's identifiers?
Macrophage
look for which dots and round nucleus
79
what is a macrophage and what is its function?
-The vaccum cleaner of the body
- " reserve pool" stored In the spleen
-phagocytosis , antigen-presenting cells, cytokine production
80
What is Syncytia and what are the two types?
macrophages can unit tg to fight larger cells
Langham cell : horseshoe - ring nuclei
Foreign Body Giant cell: Clumped nuclei
81
what cell are macrophages derived from?
Monocytes
82
when does neutrophils count peak?
around 24 hr
83
when does macrophage count peak?
around 36-48 hours
84
what is the mains neutrophil mechanism?
chemokines, phagocytosis, and NETosis
85
what are the three kinds of intracellular granules neutrophils have?
azurophilic (primary), specific (secondary) and tertiary granules
86
NETosis
cell suicide that involves the throwing out of one's chromatin to trap something outside of the cell
87
what cells are the granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils *mast in CT
88
Marginated neutrophils
Neutrophils can be stored in the vasculature by adhering to vessel walls, usually those of venules.
89
Describe how B-lymphocytes work?
antigen-antibody recognition and production of plasma cells. They work extracellularly
90
How do Plasma cells work?
they are activated antibody-producing B-cells
91
What are T-cells and how do they work?
recognizes self from non-self
92
what are the two types of T-cells?
helper (Th) and cytotoxic (Tc) T-cell
93
what is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Lymphocytes are often found together in large congregations in the CT underlying mucosal surfaces
94
What cell are inside the lymphoid follicles
B-cells
95
where are B-cells born and where do they mature?
born in marrow and mature in marrow
96
where are T-cells born and where do they mature?
born in marrow mature in thalymus
97
dendritic cells
function in capturing antigens and presenting them to other cells or delivering them to lymph nodes
98
what is pus made of
mostly dead neutrophils
99
what do azurophilic granules do?
lysosomal enzymes that digest bacteria
100
What do specific granules do?
kill bacteria with enzymes and reactive oxygen compounds
101
what do tertiary granules do
facilitate migration to target
102
How do
neutrophils die?
1) phagocytosis: up to 10-12 foreign bodies before apoptotic
cell death
2)apoptosis: die after releasing granules
3) NETosis: fling out chromatin to trap big cells
103
Crenation
The formation of a star-shaped edge to the red blood cell, and commonly occurs when blood is exposed to a hypertonic solution
104
En rouleaux
is the “clumping together” of red blood cells into a type of packing that resembles a roll of Life SaversTM candy.
105
what disease?
sickle cell anemia
106
what type of cell?
plasma cell
107
what kind of epithelium?
simple columnar
108
Label
109
What cell is this?
macrophage
round nucleus, inclusions
110
What cell is this?
Mast cell
round nucleus, pink granules
111
What cell is this?
Neutrophil
lobbed nucleus, smooth cytoplasm
112
What cell is this?(middle cell)
eosiniphil
lobed nucleus, pink cytoplasm
113
What cell is this?
Plasma
clockface
clear golgi part
114
What is this called?
foreign body Giant cell
115
what cells are in a lymphoid follicle
B-cells in middle
plasma cells next circle out
T- cells lymphocytes furthest
116
what is this called?
rolling adhesion
117
what is this called?
diapedesis
118
What are reticular fibers made of?
type III collagen
119
what is a progenitor cell?
a cell that maintains a degree of pluripotency, including the ability to regenerate itself
120
what is a precursor cell?
a differentiating cell that loses the ability to regenerate itself
121
what is symmetric division?
The process by which stem and progenitor cells produce identically differentiated cells
122
what is asymmetric divison?
the child
cells are more differentiated
123
how do cells adjust the relative # of cells to have the right ratio of cells for the organ
apoptosis
124
satellite cell
adult regenerative cell
125
where can some neuronal stem cells be found?
the hippocampus
126
Cells that have left the cell-cycle are it what stage
G0
127
What is p53?
G1S checkpoint protein. Its gene is infamous for being the most frequently mutated gene across all forms of cancer
128
S-phase
when the chromosomes are duplicated
129
what happens during prophase?
chromosome condensation
130
what happens during metaphase?
nuclear dissolution and their plate-like arrangement
131
what happens during anaphase?
pulling apart of centrioles
132
what happens during telophase?
pinching off of cell membrane
133
meiosis produces ______ cells
haloid
134
Mitosis produces_____ cells
diploid
135
what are mitotic figures?
cells that are dividing
136
what do the N and X mean?
N=# of chromatid
X=copies of chromatid
137
Mitosis division
| N and X numbers
2n1x->2n2x->2n1x (2 cells)
138
Meiosis
2n1x->2n2x->1n2x(2 cells)->1n1x (4 cells)
139
Stem progenitor cells in reporductive sytem
gametogonia, spermatogonia, oogonia
140
cells before meiosis I
primary gametes, primary spermatocytes, primary oocytes
141
cells before meiosis II
secondary gametes, secondary spermatocytes, secondary oocytes
142
adult reproductive cells
ova and spermatozoa
143
difference between male and female gametes
Spermatogonia are retained and continue to be active throughout life, whereas oogonia disappear by the time of birth. For female gametes, only one viable cell results from the completion of meiosis
144
where are primary oocytes arrested
before meiosis I
145
nondisjuction
uneven separation of chromosomes
can lead trisomy or monosomy
146
necrosis
caspase independent Accidental cell death; does usually cause an immune response, as toxic and reactive components of the cytoplasm are released extracellularly, pathological
147
DAMP
damage signal
148
PAMP
pathogen signal
149
autophagy
when the cell is stressed it may eat itself, this is a form of recycling and can be protective
150
Apoptisis respose
no immue response
capase-dependent pathway
present in normal development
151
coagulative necrosis
increase fiber
decreased enzymatic action
a firm tissue
152
liquefactive necrosis
- a more fluid tissue, produced when the dominant response is of neutrophils.
-↓fiber ↑ enzyme
- happens mostly in the
brain b/c there are no fibroblasts
153
caseous necrosis
balanced response of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes
Intermediate between
liquefactive and Coagulative
- happens alot In the lungs
154
fat necrosis
when adipose (fat) tissue becomes necrotic, lipids and lipases dominate the space
155
fibrinoid necrosis
necrosis due to immune reactions within the bloodstream initiates deposits similar to those produced by blood clotting. Fibrin is the major structural
protein of a blood clot. Precipitation of fibrin protein ; if chronic may become calcified
156
gangrenous necrosis
necrosis of a chunk of tissue too large to be resolved either by the immune response or by scarring.Involvement of all tissue types
157
where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelia?
ducts of the sweat glands
158
where can you find stratified columnar epithelia?
inner eyelid
159
Where can you find pseudostratified epithelia?
respiratory sytem
160
Where can you find transitional epithelia?
Urinary system
161
what type of epithelium is this and where does it belong?
simple columnar epithelium
sweat glands
162
what type of epithelium is this and where does it belong?
ducts of sweat glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium
163
what type of epithelium is this and where does it belong?
pseudostratified epithelium
respiratory
164
what type of epithelium is this and where does it belong?
Transitional epithelium
urinary system
165
what are umbrella cells?
dome shaped cell in the top layer of transitional epithelium. they confine urine to the lumen and contain vesicles
166
metaplasia
is the transformation (over time) of one epithelial type into another
167
dysplasia
when the epithelium changes in an non constructive way
168
hyperplasia
abnormal proliferation of cell
169
oropharyngeal membrane
Located at the cranial/cephalic end of the developing embryo. Temporary boundary between the oral cavity and the foregut, the oropharyngeal membrane is formed by the fusion of endoderm and ectoderm (there is no mesoderm between these two layers). The oropharyangeal membrane breaks down by day 26 of development.
170
cloacal membrane
The ectoderm/endoderm membrane that separates the upper part of the anal canal from the external environment at the caudal aspect of the developing embryo.
171
prechordal plate
collection of mesoderm cells located between the oropharyngeal membrane and cranial end of the notochord. These cells are important in forebrain induction and possibly contribute to the connective tissue of the head and neck region.
172
surface ectoderm
Derived from epithelium lining of the amniotic cavity that gives rise to the epidermis, hair, nails and sweat glands
173
neuroectoderm
rises from the neural plate to give rise to (partial list) all neurons in the brain and spinal cord, retina, pineal gland,
174
what does the mesoderm form
muscle, connective tissue, dermis, cartilage and bone, endothelium, kidney, adrenal cortex
175
what sections in the mesoderm further divided into?
paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, lateral mesoderm
176
what organs does the endoderm give rise to?
lining of GI tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and parenchymal cells of liver, gallbladder and pancreas
177
notochord
A solid cord of cells that underlies the developing neural tube forming a midline axis and serves as a basis for the axial skeleton. The notochord is important for inducing the neural plate and the scelerotome portion of the somite that will form the vertebral column.
178
neural crest cells
cells derived from neuroepithelium found at the “crest” of the neural folds during neural tube development. Migrate through body
179
what do somites form?
bone of the axial skeleton, muscle of the back and body wall, and dermis of the back
180
foregut
Part of the gut tube beginning caudal to the pharynx
181
Mid gut
The part of the gut tube extending from distal to the liver bud to the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon
182
hindgut
gut tube extending from the distal one third of the transverse colon to the upper portion of the anal canal.
183
coelomic cavity
The body cavity formed at the apical surface of mesothelium
184
what happens if the notochord is removed?
the spine and brain don't develop properly
185
Neuroepithelium
cell of the neural plate
186
How does neurulation take place
-edges thicken + form neural folds
U - shaped neural groove forms in center
-Neural folds fuse in mid - line
-The neural crest migrate from neural tube
-The remaining ectoderm differentiates Into epidermis layer
187
when do both neuropores close?
the cranial neuropore closes at day 24 and the caudal neuropore closes at day 26
188
where are the neural crest cells derived from and what is their method of differentiation?
derived from ectoderm
migrate from site of origin & undergo
ectodermal to mesenchymal differention
189
when is the rudimentary central nervous system in place?
end of week 4
190
what are the two types of ectoderm?
surface ectoderm
neural ectoderm
191
what does the surface ectoderm give rise to?
epidermis, nails, hair, etc
192
what does the neural ectoderm give rise to?
central nervous system
193
when is the mesoderm further divided into ( start closest to neural tube and out
Paraxial mesoderm → intermediate mesoderm→ Lateral plate mesoderm
194
what direction do the somites develop?
cranial to caudal
195
how is the paraxial mesoderm further broken up?
sclerotome, myotome, dermatome
196
paraxial mesoderm
organizes into somites on each side
197
what does the sclerotome develop into?
axial skeleton
198
What tissue does the myotome develop into?
skeletal muscle of the entire body
199
what does the dermatome develop into?
Dermis/connective tissue
200
what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?
gives rise to the urinary system and genital system
201
what does the lateral-plate mesoderm give rise to?
→ Somatic (parietal): forms body wall w/ ectoderm; forms mesothelium of body wall
→ Splanchnic (visceral): forms gut wall w/ endoderm;
forms mesothelium of organ
202
what does parietal mean?
In relation to body wall
203
What does Visceral mean?
in relation to organ
204
What are the two planes of body folding?
- Transverse( lateral body told)
-Longitudinal (cranial to caudal)
205
why is folding important
places structures in adult anatomical position
206
what does the endoderm further form?
foregut, midgut, and hindgut
207
The initial single intraembryonic body cavity will give rise
to which three body cavities?
-
pleural cavity
-
pericardial cavity
-
peritoneal cavity
208
Gastroschsis
-Occurs when ventral body wall Closure fails
- Intestinal loop herniates into the amniotic
-usually occurs right of umbilicus
- uptrend in prevalence
209
What is this and why is it special?
Fetal Red blood cells
have a nucleus and more spherical
210
what rate do somites form?
1 per every 5 hours
211
label somite
212
rostral
towards nose
