Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What type of blood cell is this?
A
neutrophil
2
Q
What type of blood cell is this?
A
Eosinophil
3
Q
What type of blood cell is this?
A
Basophil
4
Q
What type of blood cell is this?
A
Monocyte
5
Q
What type of blood cell is this?
A
Lymphocytes
6
Q
Name the blood cell:
- granular cytoplasm and mulilobulated nuclei
- clear granules
A
Neutrophils
7
Q
Name this blood cell: large, pink granules and their sausage-shaped nucleus. Observe the slender connecting link (arrowhead) between the two lobes of the nucleus
A
Eosinophil
8
Q
Name this blood cell: Dense, dark, large granules and nucleus with two dark lobes
A
Basophils
9
Q
Name this blood cell: large size; acentric, kidney-shaped nucleus; and lack of specific granules.
Biggest leukocytes
A
Monocytes
10
Q
Name this blood cell: small cells that possess a single, large, acentrically located nucleus and a narrow rim of light blue cytoplasm.
A
Lymphocytes
11
Q
How big are Neutrophils?
A
10-12um
12
Q
How big are Eosinophils?
A
10-12um
13
Q
How big are Basophils?
A
10-12um
14
Q
How big are Monoccytes?
A
12-20um
15
Q
How big are Lymphocytes?
A
7um; the same size as a red blood cell
16
Q
Percentage of each white blood cell?
A
Neutriphil 60%
Lymphocyte 25%
Monocyte 10%
Eosinophil 3%
Basophil 1%
17
Q
the cell that results forms from the union of the female oocyte and a male sperm during fertilization.
A
zygote
The zygote is the first stage in the development of a human being.
18
Q
the stage of development that extends from fertilization to the end of the eighth week of development (day 56). By the end of this period, all major structures are present.
A
embryonic stage of development
19
Q
the stage of development that begins on day 57 and extends until the fetus is born. This is a period of growth and differentiation of tissues and organs formed in the embryonic period.
A
fetal stage of development
20
Q
a complex sequence of events that begins with the male sperm contacting the female oocyte and results in the intermingling of egg and sperm chromosomes
A
fertilization
21
Q
a series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote that result in the formation of the early embryonic cells called blastomeres. The size of the cleaving zygote remains unchanged because at each division the blastomeres become smaller.
A
cleavage divisions
22
Q
the stage of development that begins after the developing embryo (called the morula at this stage) enters the uterus and a fluid filled cavity develops inside it. The developing embryo is now called a embryoblast.
A
blastocyst
23
Q
a group of centrally located blastomeres that will give rise to the embryo
A
inner cell mass (embryoblast)
24
Q
a thin outer cell layer which gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta
A
outer cell mass (trophoblast)
25
the internal layer of the uterus, formed by simple columnar epithelium with a connective tissue stroma. The layers of the _____ can be distinguished microscopically as the functional layer (shed during menstruation and parturition) and basal layer (stem cell layer). During pregnancy the functional layer of the endometrium is called the decidua.
**endometrium**
26
Following attachment to the endometrium the trophoblast proliferates rapidly to form the two cell layers. Name the mitotically active inner layer.
**cytotrophoblast**
27
the outer mass of the trophoblast consisting of a multinucleated mass in which no cells boundaries are observed
**syncytiotrophoblast**
28
structure formed by extraembryonic mesoderm, syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. It contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta.
**chorion**
29
Implantation of the blastocyst outside of the uterus, most commonly in the ampulla of the oviduct.
**ectopic pregnancy**
30
Changes occur in the embryoblast (inner cell mass) during the second week of development that result in the formation of flatplate of cells called the ….
**bilaminar disc**
31
the thick, dorsal aspect of the bilaminar disc, consisting of high columnar cells related to the amniotic cavity
**epiblast**
32
the ventral layer of the bilaminar disc located below the epiblast. Also called primitive endoderm, the small cuboidal cells are related to the yolk sac formation and extraembryonic mesoderm, but do not contribute to the tissues of the embryo.
**hypoblast**
33
the ventral structure lined by hypoblast cells, below the hypoblast layer. Important functions include origin of primordial germ cells, early blood cell development and regulation of nutrients to the embryo.
**yolk sac**
34
the cells that separate from the epiblast to form the upper cavity. This cavity surrounds the embryo and fetus and contains liquid that is critical to the health of the developing embryo.
**amnion and amnionic cavity**
35
the thickened band of epiblast cells appearing at the beginning of week three in the caudal, dorsal aspect of the bilaminar disc. The epiblast cells will migrate through this streak to form endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation.
**primitive streak**
36
the important period of epiblast proliferation, migration and differentiation. It is the process by which the three germ layers develop.
**gastrulation**
37
the three basic cell layers of [ectoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Ectoderm&action=edit&redlink=1), [mesoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoderm&action=edit&redlink=1) and [endoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Endoderm&action=edit&redlink=1) that give rise to all of the cells, tissues and structures of the embryo
**germ layers**
38
the portion of ectoderm from which the outer surface of the body arises
**surface ectoderm**
39
the portion of ectoderm from which brain and spinal cord arise. Early stages include the [neural plate](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Neural_plate&action=edit&redlink=1) and [neural tube](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&redlink=1)
**neural ectoderm**
40
a primitive mesodermal structure that defines the midline of the embryo, the vertebal column and base of skull develop around it
**notochord**
41
Agents in the environment that can produce birth defects
**Teratogens**
42
What are the two successive phase of prenatal development?
the embryonic stage and the fetal stage
43
When is the embryonic stage and why is it significant?
begins at fertilization and ends on day 56
The embryonic stage is significant for cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation followed by the formation of all major internal and external organs and structures
all the major events of organ formation occur during the embryonic period
44
When is the fetal period of development and why is it significant?
Day 57 until birth
## Footnote
The fetal period is significant for growth and maturation of the organ systems that are established during the embryonic period.
45
Agents in the environment that can produce birth defects
Teratogens
46
The period of maximal sensitivity to teratogens is…
between 3-8 weeks
47
What are the three layers of the uterus?
1. Perimetrium: a serous layer lining the external wall
2. Myometrium: a thick, smooth muscle layer
3. Endometrium: the internal layer facing the lumen of the uterus.
48
What are the layers of the endometrium and what are their functions?
1. Stratum functionale: This thick functional layer of the endometrium faces the lumen and proliferates the female cycle. It is sloughed (shed) off during menstruation. This is where implantation takes place.
2. Stratum basale (basal layer): The deep (furthest from the lumen) layer that is retained during menstruation and serves as a source to regenerate the stratum functionale.
49
ampulla
the longest portion of the uterine tube and _typically where fertilization occurs_
50
Function of the ovaries?
growth, maturation, and release of the female gamete (oocyte) and hormone production
51
Time frame and Events of the Menstrual Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
day 1-5: blood, uterine fluid, cells of stratum functionale constitute menstrual flow as when functional layer is shed
52
Time frame and Events of the Proliferative Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
day 6-14: stromal, epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation in functional layer. _Ovulation takes place day 14 and has a 24 hour life cycle._
53
Time Frame and Events of the Secretory Phase of the Menstrual cycle
day 15- 28: glands enlarge, thick functional layer. Increased blood supply and preparation for _implantation around day 21_
54
Where do gametes (eggs) mature?
Ovary
55
Zona pellucida
A thick extracellular layer of glycoproteins that enclose the oocyte
56
corona radiata
cell surrounding the gamete
57
consequences of fertilization
* alteration of the zona pellucida to block the entry of more sperm
* fusion of two haploid nuclei into one diploid nucleus (46 chromosomes)
* the fertilized egg is a single cell called the zygote
* determination of the chromosomal sex of the zygote (male or female)
* mitotic cell division called cleavage divisions begin
58
where does fertilization occur?
in the oviduct
59
what are the two significant events happen during the second week of development?
The developing embryo becomes fully implanted in the female endometrium The embryoblast layer (inner cell mass) gives rise to a two-layered disc ([bilaminar disc](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Bilaminar_disc&action=edit&redlink=1))
60
what is the epiblast?
upper (dorsal) layer of columnar cells of the bilaminar disk in embryonic development
61
What is the hypoblast?
lower (ventral) layer of cuboidal cells in the bilaminar disc stage of embryonic development
62
Amniotic Cavity
The rudiment of the amnion forms from cells of the epiblast called amnioblasts. These cells enclose a fluid-filled space (the amniotic cavity) that develops between the epiblast and the adjoining cytotrophoblast (placental tissue). The amniotic cavity faces the dorsal aspect of the embryoblast. Normal amniotic fluid volume is critical to development
63
Yolk sac
The yolk sac forms ventral to the hypoblast of the bilayer embryo. The yolk sac regresses as development continues, typically obliterated by the time of birth.
64
What are the Major Events during week two of Development?
* Formation of the bilaminar disc (epiblast and hypoblast)
* Development of the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac
* Development of the extraembryonic mesoderm
* Formation of the chorionic cavity
* Cells and tissues that will contribute to the placenta begin to organize and proliferate
65
What are the gastrulation events?
* some epiblast cells lose their cell adhesion molecules and undergo mitotic divisions
* some epiblast cells change shape and migrate toward the primitive streak
* at the primitive streak, they slip out of the epiblast layer to beneath the basal lamina
* the early migrating cells displace the hypoblast cells to form a new sheet-like epithelial layer, the [endoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Endoderm&action=edit&redlink=1)
* the later migrating cells spread between the epiblast and the endoderm to form the embryonic [mesoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoderm&action=edit&redlink=1)
* the cells that remain in the epiblast differentiate to form another "new" sheet-like epithelial layer called [ectoderm](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Ectoderm&action=edit&redlink=1)
66
What layer do the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm com from?
epiblast
67
oropharyngeal membrane
cranial end and future oral section
68
cloacal membrane
caudal end and future anal canal
69
Sarococcygeal teratoma
when there are remnants of the primitive streak and cells proliferate and form a tumor
70
Congenital Malformation
Synonymous with the term birth defect, it refers to any structural, behavioral, functional or metabolic disorder present at birth
71
Cytotrophoblast
The proliferative inner layer of the trophoblast
72
Why is Folic acid relavent to pregnancy?
B vitamin that can prevent approximately 70% of neural tube defects if taken before and during pregnancy
73
Hyperplasia
An increase in cell number
74
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a part or organ
75
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a part or organ
76
Inner cell mass
The cluster of cells segregated to one pole of the blastocyst and from which the entire embryo develops
77
Mesenchyme
Any loosely organized tissue composed of fibroblast-like cells and extracellular matrix, regardless of origin
78
Stenosis
A narrowing of a duct or orifice
79
Trophoblast
Outer cell layer surrounds the blastocyst that forms placental tissues
80
Everything in the body is one of four types of tissue what are they?
epithelium (sheets of attached cells), connective tissue (including bone, cartilage and blood), muscle (smooth, skeletal and cardiac), and nervous tissue.
81
Mucosa
inner layer; the lining of tissue for any wet surfaces
82
Epithelium
Sheet of connected cells, usually lines hallow surfaces
83
Submucosa
wall of the organ made of connective tissue
84
Serosa
outer layer of organ wall that is an epithelium with connective tissue and simple epithelium
85
Adventitia
The organ wall is within the body wall and there is only connective tissue surrounding the organ.
86
Euchromatin
Active uncoiled chromatin that is stained lighter
87
Heterochromatin
tightly packed and dense staining
88
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dyes
the most common slide stain. It stains purple and pink.
**Hematoxylin**, a basic dye imparts blue-purple contrast on basophilic structures, primarily those containing nucleic acid moeties such as chromtatin, ribosomes and cytoplasmic regions rich in RNA. An acidic **eosin** stains elements such as RBCs, cytoplasm, muscle and collagen in varying intensities of pink, orange and red.
89
PAS stain
periodic acid schiff dye pink to deep red in color which stains for glycoproteins
90
Cut vs Uncut surfaces
Uncut surfaces exist within a cavity and don't have to be cute away from surrounding tissue while cute surfaces must be cut and sectioned away. The esophagus is the portion of the GI system that crosses the diaphragm and enters the peritoneal cavity. When it is in the peritoneal cavity, it has a serosa. Before it enters the peritoneal cavity, the outer layer is called an adventitia. Whereas a serosa contains an epithelium that separates the organ from a space, an adventitia is simply a connective tissue junction to the next structure, without an epithelium or space.
91
What are the Three layers of the Mucosa and what cell exist in each?
Epithelium: cellular layer with stratified squamous nonkeratinized cells
Lamina propria:connective tissue layer with fiberblasts
Muscularis mucosae: Smooth muscle layer
92
Why do the smooth muscle cells in the muscularis mucosae appear different than the smooth muscle cells in the muscularis externa?
* In the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus, the smooth muscle cells are sectioned largely transversely. In the muscularis externa, cells are sectioned longitudinally in the inner portion
* That’s why they appear smaller and more circular in the muscularis music vs more long in the muscularis externa
93
There are two different types of muscle in the muscularis externa, what are they?
Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
94
Serosa vs Adventitia
serosa is simple epithelium and adventita is connective tissue.
95
Basal vs Apical
The apical faces external environment or lumen of a tube where it is often involved in absorption or secretion. The basal mediates attachment to underlying tissue or surface via integrins
96
What cells are in the epithelium of an esophagus?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized(SSNK) epithelium
97
What cells are in the lamina propria?
Fiberblast
98
What cells are in the muscularis mucosae?
smooth muscle
99
What cells are in the submuscosa?
Fiberblast
100
What cells are in the muscularis externa?
Smooth muscle. inner circular and outer longitudinal and skeletal muscle
101
What tissue is in the serosa?
Connective tissue and mesothelium
102
What cells are in the adventitia?
connective tissue
103
determine whether the nucleus is euchromatic or heterochromatic
euchromatic will be lighter stained and heterochromatic will be darker stained
104
What tissue is this?
Epithelial tissue of the esophagus faces a lumen or cavity
105
What tissue is this?
Connective tissue: Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue. Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance.
106
Label
107
What is the order of the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase: 1-6
Proliferative phase: 6-15
secretory phase: 16-28
108
where do most ectopic pregnancies occur?
ampulla of the oviduct
109
when does the primitive streak appear
week 3
110
what the zygote is one day post fertilization what day is the menstrual cycle are you?
day 15
111
Haploid vs diploid?
haploid 23
diploid 46
112
what is the zona pellucida made out of?
glycoproteins
113
When does the trophoblast attach to the epithelial lining?
day 6-8 post fertilization
day 21-23 of menstral cycle
114
what day post fertilization is the zona pellucida lost?
day 5
115
what will the connecting stalk give rise to?
the umbilical cord
116
what hormone is produced in the uterus and is the basis for pregnancy tests?
hCG
117
what transition do cells undergo to for the germ layers?
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
118
mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue
119
gametogenesis
formation of the haploid egg and sperm
120
what is the most common phospholipid in the cell membrane?
phosphatidylcholine
121
lipid raft
the association of lip lipids in the membrane
122
glycocalyx
extracellular glycosylations associated loosely. with the extracellular molecules
123
What is the function of the basement membrane?
binds the cell membrane to connective tissue and create a diffusion barrier between cells
124
how do cell membranes assemble?
they self assemble
125
How does anesthesia work?
it inserts into the lipid rafts and disrupts them
126
where is phosphatidylserine located how how do cells use this property?
on the intracellular side so macrophages use it to recognize defects
127
where are glycolipids located
the extracellular space only
128
what are the two layers of the basement membrane
lamina lucida
lamina densa
129
what does the laminin lucida contain?
laminin and other glycoprotiens
130
what does the lamina densa contain?
type IV collagen
131
When the basement membrane connects cells to connective tissue a third layer is present apart from the lamina lucida and lamina densa… is the layer called and what is present in this layer?
lamina reticularis which contains type VII and type III collagen
its purpose is to provide mechanical strength
132
Why is the basement membrane sometimes called the basement membrane?
its a name given the the basement membrane when non-epithelial cells connect to connective tissue
133
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic recticulum?
site of production of protiens
134
a high density of mitocondria can make a cell appear what color when stained with eosin
pink
135
what is endocytosis
absorption of extracellular material
136
pinocytosis
endocytosis for small material
137
phagocytosis
is the substance is taken up and then digested
138
residual bodies
undigested remnants
139
exocytosis
moving things out of the cell
140
what are the two types of exocytosis?
regulated and unregulated
141
merocine
exocytosis for small hydrophobic molecules, they are put in vesicles in the cell
ex. sweat glands of the skin
142
apocine
exocytosis for lipids and hydrophobic molecules, form inverted vesicle to compartmentalize them and a small piece of the membrane is lost
ex. cell of the mammary glands
143
holocrine
holocrine=think holocaust
product accumulates and the cell burst to release
ex. sebaceous glands of the skin
144
cytocrine
“cell-cell”
the product is transported from one cell across two cell membranes to end up intracellularly in the second cell
ex: melanin
145
transcytosis
think tran
the cell takes up the product and can store it and then release it when necessary
146
when is transcytosis useful?
for products that are not made directly in the cell
147
what are extracellular vesicles and what is the advantage?
when a large vesicle docks and releases smaller vesicles
product does not need to have effect on neighbor and can be protected during travel
148
microvesicles
formed from the cell membrane itself like in apocrine secretion
149
What are the three main cytoskeleton protiens?
Thin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
150
what are thin filaments and what are they made of?
they sit beneath the cell membrane and provide structure and of are made of f-actin.
151
what are microtubules and what are they made of?
Microtubules provide a highway for cellular transportation and they are made of tubulin. They radiate from nucleus and don't bind cell membrane
152
What are intermediate filaments and what are they made of?
form scaffolding made of mostly keratin and bind desmosomes
153
another name for desmosomes
macula adherens
154
another name for adhering junctions
zonula adherens
155
another name for tight juntions
zonula occludens
156
desmosomes
binds a spot of two cells together using keratin
157
what is the difference between a hemidesmosome and desmosome?
a hemidesmosome is half a desmosome and binds cell to connective tissue
158
gap junction
juction that link cytoplasms and serves as an electrically conductive channel between neighboring cells
159
adhering junction
use E-cadherin protein and connect with cytoskeletal f-actin
160
tight junction
very tight seal between two cells
even impenetrable to water and ions
binds extracellularly with claudins
161
what do zona and macula mean?
zona=belt
macula=spot
162
what forms the core of microvilli
thin filaments
163
which junctional proteins are important for creating compartments
tight junctions
164
axoneme
the core of the cillium and flagella
has a characteristic 9+2 arrangement
165
Basal bodies
an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium with a 9+0 arrangment
166
primary cilium
functions in sensing the local area
9+0 arrangement
most cells possess
167
microvilli
apical structure that functions in absorption
168
what are microvilli made of?
f-actin
169
brush border
microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found in different parts of the body
170
striated border
microvilli in the intestines
171
stereocillia
fewer longer microvilli that function in sensing
f-actin supports them
ex: in the ductus epididymis
172
laminins
organize nuclear DNA and maintain shape
173
Clock-face appearance
heterochrromatin bound in clumps
174
where is the MTOC located
centrosome
175
the relative amount of euchromatin in a rough indication of …
number of genes being actively transcribed
176
what structures stain with hematoxylin
ribosomes, nucleolus, and chromatin
177
constitutive heterochromatin
never involved in transcription
178
facultative heterochromatin
not currently involved in transcription
179
how are epithelia classified
by size: simple(one cell layer) vs stratified(multiple cell layer)
by shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
180
endothelium vs mesothelium
endothelium is in the vasculature and mesothelium is in the serosa lining organs
181
what are the different types of stratified squamous epithelium?
keratinized and nonkeratinized
182
keratinized vs nonkeratinized
keratinized is dry like skin
nonkeratinized is wet like the vagina
183
example of simple cuboial epithelia
ovarian epithelium
184
apoptotic bodies
vessicularized cytoplasmic fragments of cells undergoing cell death
185
basal enfoldings
invaginations of the plasma membrane for increased surface area usually to support active transport
186
metaplasia
change in form
187
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
188
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells like fat cells
189
dysplasia
increase in abnormal cells
190
when can metaplasia take place
what dealing with alot of stress or when transitioning to malignancy
191
where are epithlial stem cells
in the most protected area
192
example of simple squamous epithelium
mesothelium
193
example of simple columnar epithelium
gallbladder
194
example of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
skin
195
example of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
esophagus
196
example of stratified cuboidal epithelium
ducts of sweat glands
197
example of stratified columnar epithelium
eyelid
198
example of stratified transitional epithelium
bladder
199
simple epithelium rely on what that stratified epithelium don't have
junctional complexes
200
horizontal vs vertical division
[horizontal division](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Horizontal_division&action=edit&redlink=1) and all cells thus retain contact with the basement membrane, whereas cells in stratified epithelia can also divide by [vertical division](https://cot.miraheze.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_division&action=edit&redlink=1) in which the child cell loses direct contact with the basement membrane, and the epithelium “grows” in the basal to apical direction.
201
pseudostratified epithelium
cell types of multiple shapes, though still one-layer thick in the sense that all cells contact the basement membrane
202
transitional epithelium
A transitional epithelium is one that looks stratified at rest, but appears to have fewer layers when stretched. only in bladder
203
terminal web vs terminal bar
Terminal bar is a histological term given to the unresolved group of junctional complexes that attach adjacent epithelial cells on their lateral surfaces: the zonula occludens, zonula adherens, macula adherens and macula communicans.
Terminal web: actinous web underlying microvilli on specialized epithelial cells.
204
dysplasia
describes epithelia that are changing to a degenerate form.
205
[_pectinate line_](https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/12802loa.htm)
Within the anal canal, the point of transition from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
