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COT > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define oral mucosa

A

The moist mucous membrane lining
the oral cavity

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2
Q

what are the functions of thr oral mucosa?

A

Propulsion of food (bolis)
* Initiation of digestion (in saliva)
* Sensation and Secretion (pain, temp, Propreosention)
* Protection
* Protects deeper tissues
* Immune function
* Tonsils
* Forms impermeable barrier (exception: floor of the mouth)

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3
Q

what are the three thypes of oral mucosa?

A
  1. Masticatory mucosa (25%)( related to chewing)
  2. Lining mucosa (60%) most
  3. Specialized mucosa (taste buds 15%)
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4
Q

what is parakeratinized epithelium?

A

similar to keratinized except that superficial cells have nuclei, cytoplasm does not stain as intensely with eosin

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5
Q

describe masticatory mucosa

A

-Stratified squamous keratinized or parakeratinized epithelium
-Lamina propria ( loose CT)
-Location: Covers gingiva, hard palate (some sources include dorsal surface of the tongue)

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6
Q

describe the lining mucosa

A

-Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
-Covers inner surface of lips, cheeks, soft palate, inferior surface of the tongue, floor of the oral cavity
-Connective tissue layers have elastic fibers
-Permeability: Floor of the oralcavity is thinnest epithelium with permeable cells (under the tonge)
* Sublingual medications are rapidly absorbed

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7
Q

describe the specialized mucosa

A

-Based on function of carrying taste sensation to the central nervous system
-Dorsal surface of the tongue (tastebuds are associated with lingual papillae and have a role in chemical sensation of taste)

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8
Q

what is this pointing to?

A

taste buds

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9
Q

what is this pointing to?

A

apical taste pore

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10
Q

what is the skin and oral mucosa of the lip

A

Skin: thin keratinized epithelium with hair follicles
Oral mucosa: thick liningmucosa with minor salivary glands

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11
Q

Mucocutaneous border (vermillion border)

A

-no glands, deep connective tissue papillae have blood vessels and nerves responsible for color and sensitivity
-the lack of glands is why lips may get dry

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12
Q

what is the gingiva

A

the gums

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13
Q

what are the two parts of the gingiva?

A

-The part facing the oral cavity (masticatory epithelium)
-the part facing the tooth

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14
Q

the gingiva facing the tooth has two parts what are they

A

-inner basal lamina that binds calcified tissue
-external basal lamina that binds connective tissue

2 basement membranes

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15
Q

what are the Four types of papilla

A

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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16
Q

describe the filiform papillae

A

keratinized projections with mechanaical function (no taste buds)

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17
Q

describe the fungiform papillae

A

mushroom-shaped with taste buds on the dorsal surface

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18
Q

describe the circumvallate tastebuds

A

large, dome-shaped structures surrounded by a moat-like invagination with numerous taste buds

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19
Q

descibe the folate papillae

A

greater number in younger individuals, many taste buds

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20
Q

what is this pointing to

A

filiform papillae

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21
Q

what are the lines pointing to

A
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22
Q

what is the line and arrows pointing to?

A

taste buds on apical

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23
Q
A

taste buds on lateral

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24
Q

which papille has no taste buds

A

filiform

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25
Q

where are filiform papillae located

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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26
Q

where are fungiform papillae located

A

Tip and two sides of tongue

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27
Q

where are circumvallate papillae located

A

In a V-shaped row just anterior to the terminal sulcus

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28
Q

where are foliate papillae located?

A

Posterior lateral surface of the tongue

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29
Q

how many baby teeth and grown up teeth do we have

A

Normally 32 permanent teeth and 20 deciduous teeth- embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible

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30
Q

what are the hard tissues of the teeth

A

-Enamel
-Dentin
-Cementum

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31
Q

what is the crown?

A

part covered with enamel

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32
Q

label

A
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33
Q

describe enamel

A

-Acellular, avascular, nonvital/insensitive
tissue
-Derived from epithelium (ectoderm) of oral cavity
-Enamel is produced by ameloblasts become squamus (degenerate after enamel is fully formed)

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34
Q

desscibe dentin

A

-Avascular, sensitive tissue (capable of
repair)
-Forms bulk of tooth
-Dentin is produced by odontoblasts
-Closely packed dentinal tubules traverse the entire thickness and contain cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts

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35
Q

where are odontoblasts formed from

A

derived from neural crest cells

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36
Q

describe cementum

A

*Covers root of tooth, Avascular
* The central pulp chamber called pulp cavity:
-Richly vascularized, Abundant nerves
-Odontoblasts cell bodies

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37
Q

Describe the Periodontal ligament (PDL)

A

-Specialized connective tissue between cementum and bone
-Principal fiber groups(type I collagen fibers) insert into bone and cementum as Sharpey’s fibers

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38
Q

what is the function of the peridontal ligament and what amkes it unique?

A
  • Tooth attachment/fixation and support
  • Unlike typical ligaments:
  • Highlycellular
  • Rich blood supply
  • Lots of nerves
  • Collagen fibers have a high turnover rate (produced all the time
  • Poor nutrition causes atrophy
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39
Q

why can you see vitamin c deffiency showing up in the teeth first

A

because of the high collagen turnover

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40
Q

what happens at the begining stages of tooth development

A

neural crest cells migrated into the mesoderm layer in the cranial region of the embryo and form ectomesenchyme

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41
Q

what is the Initiation phase of tooth development

A

A U-shaped ectoderm ridge called the primary epithelial band forms the dental lamina on upper/lower jaws
The mesenchyme of the oral cavity that has been invaded by neural crest cells is called ectomesenchyme

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42
Q

what stage of tooth development is this

A

bud stage

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43
Q

describe the bud stage of development

A

-The tooth buds grow into the underlying ectomesenchyme
-Period of cellular proliferation (rapid)

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44
Q

what stage of development is this?

A

the cap stage

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45
Q

describe the cap stage of oral development

A

-The deep surface of the bud invaginates and becomes cap shape
-enamal organ is ectoderm and gives rise to enamal
-remaining ectmesenchymal cell become dental sac

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46
Q

what does the enamel organ give rise to?

A

gives rise to
enamel

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47
Q

what does the dental sac give rise to?

A

cementum, PDL, Bone

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48
Q

what does the dental papilla give rise to?

A

gives rise to dentin

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49
Q

in the cap stage the enamal organ consists of what 4 components?

A

-outer enamel epithelium
-inner enamel epithelium
-stellate reticulum
-stratum intermedium

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50
Q

decribe what happens in the bell stage?

A

The under surface of the enamel organ deepens
* The enamel organ has four distinct regions:
1)Outer enamel epithelium
2) Stellate reticulum-mechanical role(protects dental tissues, produces signaling molecules, supports shape)
3) Stratum intermedium-flattened cells overlying inner enamel epithelium, role in producing proteins for inner enamel epithelium
* Inner dental epithelium-produces enamel

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51
Q

what is the cervical loop?

A

-Inner and outer enamel epithelium are continuous at the cervical loop
-This is where the outer epithelium bends to meet the inner epithelium
-Gives rise to the epithelium that will signal root development

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52
Q

what does the cervial loop give rise to?

A

hertwig’s rooth sheath

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53
Q

describe the physiological erruption that takes place in tooth development

A

-The dental lamina begins to degenerate as each developing tooth reaches the bell stage
-The connection to the oral cavity now requires a physiological break in the lining epithelium
-programmed cell death

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54
Q

describe how ameloblasts and odontoblasts form?

A

-Cells of the inner dental epithelium differentiate into ameloblasts and signal the differentiation of odontoblasts from cells in dental papilla
-Cells of the dental papilla will differentiate into odontoblasts and secrete predentin which becomes dentin (dentin formation always precedes enamel formation)

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55
Q

what is reciprical induction

A

back and forth signalling process

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56
Q

what do ameloblasts secrete?

A

enamel

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57
Q

what are dentinal tubules

A

Long apical processes of the odontoblasts

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58
Q

label

A
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59
Q

what is cementum

A

a thin layer of hard tissue similar to bone, covering the roots of the teeth beginning at the cervial portion of the tooth (where cervial loop was)

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60
Q

where does root development begin?

A

at the epithelial root sheath (Hertwig epithelial root sheath)

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61
Q

how is cementum formed

A

When the root dentin has formed, the ectomesenchymal cells from the dental sac differentiate into cementoblasts, and produce cementum

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62
Q

what forms the PDL

A

Fibroblasts from the dental sac begin to form the PDL

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63
Q

what produces alveolar bone?

A

oateoblasts

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64
Q

label

A

A: crown
B: enamel
C: dentin
D: pulp
E: alveolar bone
F: periodontal ligament
G: gingiva
H: cementum
I: apical foramen

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65
Q

the oral cavity lined by epithelium gives rise to

A

the dental lamina and enamel organ

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66
Q

what two layers is the cementum divided into?

A

divided into acellular and cellular layers

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67
Q

what stage of development is this and where is everything dervived from

A
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68
Q

what is this and where is it derived from

A

stellate recticulum derived from surface ectoderm

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69
Q

what is the GAG filled extracellular fluid

A

the stellate recticulum

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70
Q

what kind of cells are in the inner enamel epithelium

A

columar cells

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71
Q

what kind of cells are in the outer enamel epithelium

A

cuboidaal

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72
Q

how are stellate reticulum cells linked

A

desmosomes

73
Q

what are Cementocytes

A

Cementocytes are cementoblasts that become trapped in lacunae within the cementum.

74
Q

label

A
75
Q

label

A
76
Q

label

A
77
Q

Bolus

A

a lump of chewed and swallowed food

78
Q

Chyme

A

bolus + stomach juices “a liquefied bolus”

79
Q

Feces

A

undigested remnants of chyme (once chyme enters the colon)

80
Q

what is the gut derived from?

A

the endoderm

81
Q

what does the forgut turn into?

A

Esophagus, stomach,
proximal duodenum

82
Q

what does the midgut turn into?

A

Rest of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, asc. Colon, prox. transverse colon

83
Q

what does the hinfgut turn into

A

Distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

84
Q

what is the vascular supply of the foregut?

A

Supplied by Celiac axis

85
Q

what is the vascular supply of the midgut?

A

supplied by superior mesenteric artery

86
Q

what is the vascular supply of the hindgut

A

Supplied by the mesenteric artery

87
Q

what is the mesentery

A

the point where the visceral and parietal mesoderm meet

88
Q

describe the type of cell, and pupose of the GI tract mucosa

A

protection (SSNK)
absorption and/or secretion
movement of villi

89
Q

what is the purpose of the muscularis externa of the GI tract

A

mechanical breakdown
peristalisis
sphincter

90
Q

what is the mesentery

A

-suspends organs
-a double-fold of visceral peritoneum
-CT from organs both sides serosa + blood
of the vessels

91
Q

omentum

A

the mesentery of the stomach

92
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
esphagus

A

mostly adventitia

93
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
stomach

A

serosa

94
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
duodenum

A

mostly adventitia

95
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
jejunum and ileum

A

serosa

96
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
colon

A

varies

97
Q

Does it have a serosa or an
adventitia?
lower rectum and anal canal

A

adventitia

98
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

the “gut brain”

99
Q

what is the enteric nervous system derived from?

A

neural crest cells

100
Q

what parts of neurons are in the enteric neurvous system

A

-Cell bodies and fibers of postganglionic parasympathetic
-Cell bodies and fibers from local connections between cells (local reflexes exclude the CNS)

101
Q

what is the organization of the enteric nervous system?

A

2 layers of ganglia organized into plexus

102
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

branched network of interconnect fibers in CT space that controls peristalsis

103
Q

what are the functions of the enteric neurvous system?

A

-Stretch receptors
-Secretion of digestive juices (stomach, liver,
pancreas)
-Peristalsis(waves of rythmic)
-Control of sphincters
-Defecation
-Local blood flow
-Immune systeminteractions

104
Q

what do meissner’s plexus do?

A

regulates glandular secretions and movement of villi (projections into lumen)

105
Q

toxic megacolon

A

lack of development of enteric nervous system

106
Q

hirschsprung disease

A

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to hindgut during development

107
Q

chagas disease

A

acquired in adulthood
loss if distal neurons of the enteric neurvous system

108
Q

what kind of epithlium is in the esophagus

A

SSNK

109
Q

what kind of glands are in the esophagus?

A

-Cardiac glands of the mucosa
- Esophageal glands of submucosa

110
Q

what kind of muscle is in the esophagus?

A

-Smooth and striated muscle in muscularis externa
-only part of the GI tube with skeletal muscle

111
Q

what is an anatomical sphincner

A

a thickening

112
Q

what is a physological sphincner

A

↑muscle tone

113
Q

Mallory- Weiss syndrome and Boerhaave syndrome

A

-when esophagus enters the peritoneal
cavity there can be submucosal + longitudinal
tears
-a full rip is called boerhaave syndrome

114
Q

Esophageal Submucosal Glands

A

*Mostly mucous cells, some serous cells
* Function similar to salivary glands
* Seromucous secretions to lubricate the lumen of the esophagus to ease passage of bolus

115
Q

Esophageal Cardiac Glands of the
Mucosa

A

Located in the lamina propria and resemble cardiac glands of the stomach Secrete pH – neutral mucin

116
Q

what is this showing

A

Esophagogastric Junction and
cardia of stomach

117
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

a metaplasia
irration of esophagus epithelium

118
Q

Rugae

A

highly folded section of mucosa & submucosa

119
Q

what are the glands of the Stomach

A

cardiac glands
gastric glands
pyloric glands

120
Q

what do suface mucous cells do

A

keep a neutral pH and protect cells

121
Q

what do mucous neck cells do

A

short with a basal flatten nuclei
more acidic mucous

122
Q

what do perietal cells do

A

very eosinophilic
secret H+, intrinsic factor, Cl-

123
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

basophilic
secrete pepsinogen
decreased activation by an acidic envirment

124
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells do?

A

basophilic
in the base of glands

125
Q

Gastric pits

A

-Lined by luminal epithelium
-Surrounded by surface mucous cells
-More superficial than glands

126
Q

gastric glands

A

Branch from gastric pits, deep into the mucosa, all the way to the muscularis mucosae (but are still made of epithelium
* Contain a variety of cells (mucous, digestive,
endocrine, stem)

127
Q

what cells are in gastic pits and glands

A

pits dont have periental or chief cells

128
Q

what is the shape of a chief cell

A

euchromatic nuclus
low columar to cuboidal in shape
zymogen granules

129
Q

what is the shape of perietal cells

A

*Large, wedge-shaped, and rounded
* Centrally located nucleus
* Most abundant in the isthmus of gastric glands
* Abundant surface area for ion pumps
* Secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor

130
Q

where are the gastric pits and gastric glands

A
131
Q

Mucosa of Pyloric Stomach

A
  • Glands are shallow
  • Lack parietal and chief
    cells
  • Secrete mostly mucous
  • Also contains enteroendocrine (G) cells – secrete the hormone, gastrin
132
Q

what is special about the muscle in the stomach

A

Muscularis externa has a
third layer called the oblique layer(inner most)

133
Q

what is the purpose of the Pyloric Sphincter?

A

restricts the movement of food

134
Q

what are the most common cells of the intestinal epithelium?

A

enterocytes and goblet cells

135
Q

what are the anatomical segaments of the small intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
136
Q

what are the three surface area specializations of the small intestine?

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

137
Q

what is the most efficent surface specalization?

A

microvilli

138
Q

where does most digestion and absorption take place?

A

the small intestine

139
Q

Epithelial Cells of Intestinal Villi

A
  1. Enterocytes – oldest at tips of villi
  2. Goblet cells – mucin
140
Q

Epithelial Cells of Crypts of
Lieberkühn

A
  1. Enteroendocrine cells
  2. Paneth cells – secrete lysozyme
  3. Stem cells
141
Q

what do Endocrine cells secrete

A

hormones

142
Q

what do paneth cells secrete

A

grandules to kill bacteria

143
Q

what is a cental lacteal?

A

central lacteals, which are lymphatic vessels specialized to carry absorbed lipids in the form of chylomicra.

144
Q

what is this the cross section of?

A

villi

145
Q

what is the main cell of the small intestine

A

enterocyte

146
Q

what absorbs fat

A

lacteals absorb fat

147
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation

A

Absorbed amino acids and sugars move from one capillary network in the villi to the hepatic portal vein, to the capillaries of the liver

148
Q

duodenum key characteristics

A

-Circular folds less pronounced than jejunum
* Brunner Glands of submucosa

149
Q

key characteristics of the jejunum

A

plain with the most prominent folds

150
Q

key characteristics of the IIeum

A

has the most goblet cells
fewer circular folds
peyer’s patches

151
Q

what are peyer’s patched

A

clusters of lymphoid follicles GALT

152
Q

Celiac Disease causes

A

-Loss of villi
-increased immune cell presence (lymphocytes and plasma cells)
-Elongated crypts with increased stem cell activity

153
Q

how are Fibroblasts involved in the intestine?

A

involved in pattering signal gradients that form crypts or gradients

154
Q

Special features of the large intestine

A
  • Rich in GALT (appendix)
  • Teniae coli & haustra
155
Q

what is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine serves chiefly to absorb liquid and concentrate waste

156
Q

does the large intestine have villi

A

no

157
Q

what is this a cross section of

A

crypt

158
Q

what is this pointing to

A

teniae coli
Thickened OLL of muscularis externa

159
Q

what is the Structure of the Appendix

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Lacks villi
  • Short crypts
  • Prominent GALT in submucosa and lamina propria
  • serosa
160
Q

what is the epithelium transition at the pectinate line?

A

simple columnar to SSNK

161
Q

Identify the following regions

A

Gastroesophageal junction

162
Q

Identify the following regions.

A

fundic stomach

163
Q

Identify the following regions.

A

pyloric stomach

164
Q

Identify the following regions

A

Duodenum

165
Q

Name the labeled cells and describe their functions.
Which organ is this? and which region is being studied?

A

A. Surface mucous cells secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin
B. Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
C. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
This is the fundic stomach.

166
Q

Q3. Which of the following is an effective strategy that the digestive system uses
to maintain a barrier between the internal milieu of the body and the external
environment?

A. Composition of saliva
B. Acidic environment of the stomach
C. Large volume of mucus produced into the lumen of the large intestine
D. Close and abundant immune defense structures and mechanism (Peyer’s
patches and GALTs)
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

167
Q

Which of the following structure includes the submucosa?
A. Microvilli
B. Villi
C. Plicae circulares
D. Taeniae coli

A

C. Plicae circulares

168
Q

what is outlined

A
169
Q

this is the fundic stomach what cells are the lines pointing to?

A
170
Q

this is the pyloric stomach what is this pointing to?

A
171
Q

what is this pointing to?

the cell
A

Paneth cells with
eosinophilic granules in the
crypts of Lieberkuhn

172
Q

where is this and what are the arrows pointing to?

A

jejunum

173
Q

what is this pointing to?

A

plicae circulares

174
Q
A

peyer’s patches in the submucosa of the ileum

175
Q
A
176
Q

identify the cell

A

surface mucus cell

177
Q

what is this pointing to

A

neurons of the enteric nervous system

178
Q

in the duodenum what is this pointing to

A

bottom crypt
top brunner’s glands

179
Q

what section of the GI tract is this

A

appendix

COT (8 decks)

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