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Pharmacology > Quiz 4 (Other Antimicrobials and Antiparasitic) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (Other Antimicrobials and Antiparasitic) Flashcards

1
Q

Chloramphenicol-type antibiotic approved for use in cattle

A

Florfenicol

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2
Q

What is the withdrawal time for florfenicol?

A

28 day

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3
Q

which species should not receive florfenicol?

A

Not for use in adult dairy cows or veal calves

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4
Q

what is dermatophytosis?

A

Ring worm

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5
Q

what are some topical antifungal drugs? (2)

A
  1. Miconazole

2. Nystatin

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6
Q

what is miconazole commonly used to treat?

A

dermatophytosis

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7
Q

what combination of drugs is nystatin? (3)

A
  1. Antibiotic
  2. anti-inflammatory
  3. antifungal
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8
Q

what does nystatin not treat?

A

ring worm

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9
Q

what drug forms is nystatin available in? (2)

A
  1. topical

2. oral administration

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10
Q

what can griseofulvin cause in a fetus?

A

skeletal malformaiton

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11
Q

what drug form is griseofulvin available for horses?

A

powder

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12
Q

what are some systemica antifungals? (4)

A
  1. Ketoconazole
  2. Itraconazole
  3. Amphotericin B
  4. Griseofulvin
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13
Q

which route is griseofulvin given?

A

oral

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14
Q

where can griseofulvin reach high concentrations?

A

skin, hair, and nails

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15
Q

what animal considerations can griseofulvin be toxic

A

pregnant animals and cats

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16
Q

what administration route is ketaconazole and itraconazole given?

A

oral administration

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17
Q

what administration route is amphotericin B gven?

A

IV

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18
Q

what are the possible adverse effects when giving ketaconazole/itraconazole?

A

liver damage

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19
Q

what are the possible adverse effects when giving amphotericin B?

A

liver disease

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20
Q

what can ketaconazole be used to treat? (2)

A
  1. ring worm

2. malassezia pachydermitis

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21
Q

what is malassezia pachydermitits?

A

yeast ear/skin infection

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22
Q

when is amphotercin B used?

A

internal fungal infections

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23
Q

what is Famciclovir used to treat?

A

herpes virus infection

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24
Q

what route of administration is Famciclovir given?

A

oral

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25
Q

what are some antiviral drug? (4)

A
  1. Lysine (Viralys)
  2. Famciclovir
  3. Oceltamivir (Tamiflu)
  4. Alfa interferon
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26
Q

which is the largest group of drugs used in veterinary medicine?

A

Antiparasitics

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27
Q

what considerations do you used when choosing an antiparasitic? (4)

A
  1. susceptibility of parasite
  2. likely toxicity to animal
  3. price
  4. ease of application
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28
Q

when using antiparasitics what should you take into account?

A

parasite’s life cycle

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29
Q

why is understanding the parasites life cycle inportant when treating with antiparasitics? (2)

A
  1. may only be effective against adult parasites

2. other steps may be necessary for successful treatment

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30
Q

anthlmintic

A

drug used to kill helminth parasite

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31
Q

helminth parasites

A

nematode, cestode, and trematodes

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32
Q

antiparasitic

A

drug used to kill or inhibit the growth of internal and external parasites

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33
Q

antinematodal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against nematodes or “roundworms”

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34
Q

anticestodal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against cestodes or “tapeworms”

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35
Q

antiprotozoal

A

antiparasitics that is effective against protozoa

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36
Q

antitrematodals

A

antiparasitic that is effective against tremtodes or “fluke worms”

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37
Q

what are some antinematodal antiparasitics? (6)

A
  1. Tetrahydropyrimidines
  2. Benzimidazoles
  3. Piperazines
  4. Avermectins
  5. Organophosphates
  6. Levamisole
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38
Q

which is the most impotant nematode in cattle

A

tricostrongyle

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39
Q

what are some examples of Tetrahydropyrimidines? (2)

A
  1. pyrantel (Strongid, Nemex, Banminth)

2. morantel (Nematel)

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40
Q

which anitnematodal drug is considered to be safest?

A

Tetrahydropyrimidines

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41
Q

how do Tetrahydropyrimidine affect the parasite?

A

kill parasites by interfering w/ their CNS

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42
Q

what is the spectrum of activty of Tetrahydropyrimidines in horses? (3)

A
  1. ascarids
  2. strongyles
  3. pinworms
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43
Q

what is the spectrum of activty of Tetrahydropyrimidines in cattle?

A

trichostrongyles

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44
Q

what is the spectrum of activty of Tetrahydropyrimidines in cats and dogs? (2)

A
  1. ascarids

2. hookworms

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45
Q

what should you do before administering liquid forms of pyrantel?

A

should be shaken

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46
Q

which other antinematodal should you not use Tetrahydropyrimidines with?
why?

A

organophosphate

could possibly cause CNS abnormalities

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47
Q

which antinematodal is one of the most effective and commonly used antiparasitics?

A

Benzimidazoles

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48
Q

what are some example fo benzimidazoles? (7)

A
  1. fenbendazole (Panacur)
  2. mebendazole (Telmin)
  3. thiabendazole (Equizole)
  4. oxibendazole (Filaribits Plus, Anthelcide)
  5. albendazole (Valbazen)
  6. oxfenbendazole (Synanthic)
  7. *febantel (Drontal Plus, Rintal)
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49
Q

when metabalized orally what does febantel become?

A

fenbendazole and oxfenbendaole

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50
Q

fenbendazole

A

Panacur

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51
Q

mebendazole

A

Telmin

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52
Q

thiabendazole

53
Q

oxibendazole

A

Filaribits Plus, Anthelcide

54
Q

albendazole

55
Q

oxfenbendazole

56
Q

*febantel

A

Drontal Plus, Rintal

57
Q

How do benzimidazoles effect the parasites?

A

by interfering w/ energy metabolism

58
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of benzimidazoles in horses? (3)

A
  1. strongyles
  2. pinworms
  3. ascarids
59
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of benzimidazoles in cattle? (3)

A
  1. trichostrongyles
  2. ascarids
  3. stomach worms
60
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of benzimidazoles in cats and dogs? (4)

A
  1. ascarids
  2. hookworms
  3. whipworms
  4. some tapeworms
61
Q

which tapeworm species are benzimidazoles effective against?

62
Q

in cattle what is albendazole effective against?

A

liver flukes

63
Q

in cattle what is fenbendazole effective against?

64
Q

what can benzimidazoles cause but are rarely observed?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea rarely observed.

65
Q

what benzimidazoles can be toxic to the liver? (2)

A
  1. Mebendazole

2. oxibendazole

66
Q

which antinematodal is a commonly used grocery store dewormer?

A

piperazine

67
Q

what can filaribits be used for

A

OTC daily Heart worm medication

68
Q

what are some example of piperazines? (3)

A
  1. piperazine dihydrochloride (Pipa-Tabs)
  2. piperazine citrate (Sergeant’s Worm Away)
  3. diethylcarbamazine citrate (Nemacide, Filaribits)
69
Q

piperazine dihydrochloride

70
Q

piperazine citrate

A

Sergeant’s Worm Away

71
Q

diethylcarbamazine citrate

A

Nemacide, Filaribits

72
Q

how do piperazines effect the parasite?

A

paralyze worms

73
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of piperazines in dogs and cats?

74
Q

how do Organophosphates effect the parasite?

A

kills parasites by interfering w/ their CNS

75
Q

what are some examples of Organophosphates? (3)

A
  1. dichlorvos (Task)
  2. trichlorfon (Dyrex)
  3. coumaphos (Baymix)
76
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of Organophosphates in dogs? (3)

A
  1. ascarids
  2. hookworms
  3. whipworms
77
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of Organophosphates in horses?

78
Q

what kind of parasites are organophosphate most commonly used against?

A

external parasistes

79
Q

wwhich antinematodal is commonly used in large animals

A

avermectin

80
Q

what are some examples of avermectins? (4)

A
  1. Ivermectin (Ivomec, Eqvalan, Heartgard)
  2. Doramectin (Dectomax)
  3. Moxidectin (Quest, Cydectin, ProHeart 6)
  4. Selamectin (Revolution)
81
Q

which avermectins are often used as a heartworm preventative? (2)

A
  1. Moxidectin

2. selamectin

82
Q

what are avermectins commonly used for in large animals?

A

round worm

83
Q

what are avermectins commonly used for in small animals?

A

heart worm

84
Q

where did some fo the avermectins durive from?

A

streptomyces spp

85
Q

How do avermectins affect the parasite?

A

kills parasites by interfering w/ their CNS

86
Q

what is the spectum of activity for avermectins?

A

internal and external

87
Q

what is the specturm of activity of avermectins in horses? (4)

A
  1. bots
  2. ascarids
  3. strongyles
  4. pinworms
88
Q

what is the specturm of activity of avermectins in swine? (4)

A
  1. ascarids
  2. strongyles
  3. lungworms 4. (mites)
89
Q

what is the specturm of activity of avermectins in cattle? (3)

A
  1. trichostrongyles
  2. lungworms 3.
  3. (sucking lice)
90
Q

what is the specturm of activity of avermectins in dogs and cats? (3)

A
  1. heartworm microfilaria
  2. ascarids/hookworms in cats
  3. (fleas, mites)
91
Q

which breed of dogs should you avoid using avermectins?

Why?

A

Collie breeds

some have genetic mutation that can lead to avermectin toxicity

92
Q

what are some signs of avermectin toxicity? (5)

A
  1. hypersalivation
  2. dilated pupils
  3. ataxia
  4. tremors
  5. depression
93
Q

what is a concerns with using avermectin on horses and cattle?

A

sometimes develop inflammatory reaction to dead parasites

94
Q

what causes collies to be sensitive to avermectin?

A

MDR-1 genetic mutation

- Cannot produce a normal transport protein (p-glyco-protein) to remove drug from the CNS

95
Q

why should cows not be treated with avermectin with possible bot flys?

A

Dead larva can created an inflammatory nodule in the esohagus or vetebral colum
Avoid treating during the late fall

96
Q

which antinematodal drug is an older, inexpensive antiparasitic that has immunostimulant activity

A

Used mostly in large animals

97
Q

how does levamisole affectthe parasite

A

CNS system

98
Q

which group of species is levamisole moslty used in?

A

large animals

99
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of levamisoel in horses? (2)

A
  1. ascarids

2. stronglyes

100
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of levamisoel in cattle? (2)

A
  1. trichostrongyles

2. lungworms

101
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of levamisoel in dogs and cats?

102
Q

what drug forms is levamisol available in

A

injectable and oral

103
Q

what are some adult heart worm antiparasitics? (2)

A
  1. Thiacetarsemide (Caparsolate)

2. Melarsomine (Immiticide)

104
Q

what are some microfilaria antiparasitics?

A
  1. Diethylcarbamazine (Filaribits)
  2. Ivermectin (Heartgard 30)
  3. Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor, Sentinel)
  4. Selamectin (Revolution)
  5. Moxidectin (Pro-Heart)
105
Q

which antiparasitic is most commonly used to kill adult heatworm?

A

Melarsomine

106
Q

why should you test for heart worm before placing the animal on preventative? (2)

A
  1. Treatment wont be enough

2. They will have and anafalactic reaction

107
Q

what is an example of an anticestodal drug?

A

isoquinolones

108
Q

what are some isoquinolones? (2)

A
  1. Praziquantel

2. Epsiprantel

109
Q

what drug forms is praziquantel available in?

A

tablet and injectable

110
Q

how does prazuquantel affect the parasite?

A

reduces the tapeworms resistance to digestion in the animals GIT

111
Q

what is praziquantels spectrum on activity in dogs and cats?

A

all common tapeworm species

112
Q

what are some possible side effect after administration of praziquantel?

A

vomiting and diarrhea occassion

113
Q

how do you eliminate the reinfection of tapeworms?

A

must eliminate fleas and prevent hunting

114
Q

what are some example fo praziquantel?

A
  1. droncit

2. drontal

115
Q

what age can praziquantel be given to puppies and kittens

A

puppies 4 weeks

kitties 6 weeks

116
Q

what route can epsiprantel be given?

117
Q

how does epsiprantel affect the parasites?

A

reduces the tapeworm’s resistance to digestion in the animal’s GIT

118
Q

what is epsiprantel spectrum of activity?

A

effective against most tapeworm species infecting dogs & cats

119
Q

which tapeworm species is epsiprantel not effective against?

A

Echinococcus

120
Q

what age can epsiprantel be administered to puppies and kitties?

121
Q

what is an antitrematodal drug? (2)

A
  1. Albendazole (Valbazen)

2. Clorsulon (Curatrem, Ivomec Plus)

122
Q

how does albendazole and clorsulon affect the parasites?

A

interferes w/ parasite metabolism

123
Q

what parasites are albendazole and clorsulon effective against in cattle?

A

liver flukes

124
Q

what are some antitrematodal drugs

A
  1. Amprolium (Corid)
  2. Sulfonamide antibiotics
  3. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
125
Q

how does amporlim effect coccidia?

A

inhibits thiamine uptake

126
Q

what is amprolium used to treat in calves?

127
Q

what species is sufonaminde drugs used on to treat coccidia?

A

chickens, turkeys, cattle, dogs and cats

128
Q

what is metronidazole use to treat in dog and cats?

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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