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Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

antimicrobials are…

A

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

what are the ways antimicrobials affect microorganisms? (4)

A
  1. bactericidal
  2. bacteriostatic
  3. virucidal
  4. fungicidal
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3
Q

what route of administration can antimicrobials be given? (3)

A
  1. orally
  2. parenterally,
  3. topically
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4
Q

what are the groups of antimicrobials? (2)

A
  1. Drugs for external application

2. Drugs for internal administration

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5
Q

what are the types of antimicrobials for external application? (2)

A

Disinfectants
and
antiseptics

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6
Q

what are disinfectants and antiseptics?

A

chemical agents

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7
Q

what are disinfectants and antiseptics used for?

A

to decrease microbe numbers in the environment

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8
Q

how do disinfectants and antiseptics agent vary?

A
  1. spectrum of activity
  2. environmental condition required for proper use
  3. individual characteristics
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9
Q

what are the types of anitmicrobials intended for internal application? (2)

A

antibiotics
and
antifungals

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10
Q

what are the requirments for successful use? (3)

A
  1. Microorganism be susceptible to antimicrobial
  2. Antimicrobial reach site of infection in high enough concentrations
  3. Animal tolerate antimicrobial and its side effects
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11
Q

what is antibiotic susceptibility?

A

the effectiveness of an antibiotic in inhibiting the growth of bacteria

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12
Q

how is antibiotic susceptibility measured?

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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13
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

bacteria’s ability to not be affected by an antibiotic

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14
Q

how can antibiotic resistant occur? (2)

A
  1. can be the result of genetic mutations in individual bacteria that are passed on to future generations
  2. inappropriate administration of antibiotics
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15
Q

what are the mechanisms by which antimicrobials affect bacteria?

A
  1. inhibit cell wall formation
  2. change the permeability of the cell membrane
  3. inhibit protein synthesis
  4. interfere w/ metabolism
  5. damage bacterial DNA or RNA
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16
Q

what are some antibiotic drugs? (8)

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides
Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides
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17
Q

what antibiotic was the first widely used antibiotic?

A

penicillin

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18
Q

when was penicillin developed?

A

1940’s

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19
Q

how does penicillin affect bacteria?

A

formation of bacterial cell wall in actively growing bacteria

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20
Q

how can penicillin be administered? (2)

A

oral
and
parenteral

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21
Q

which penicillin is not absorbed well orally

A

Pen. G

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22
Q

which penicillin should be given with food?

A

amoxicillin

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23
Q

what tissue is penicillin not distributed to?

A

CNS

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24
Q

what form is penicillin eliminated in?

A

unchanged

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25
Q

what treatment is penicillin great for?

A

urinary tract infections

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26
Q

what is penicillins spectrum of activity? (2)

A

G+ bacteria

anaerobic bacteria

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27
Q

what do penicillin resistant G+ bacteria secrete?

A

β-lactamase enzyme

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28
Q

what does the β-lactamase enzyme do to penicillin?

A

disrupts the structure of the penicillin molecule

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29
Q

what drug can inactivate β-lactamase enzyme? (2)

A

Clavulonic Acid
and
Sulbactum

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30
Q

what are some possible allergic reactions with penicillin?

A
  1. fever
  2. swollen lymph nodes
  3. facial swelling
  4. skin rash
  5. shock
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31
Q

what are some concerns with oral administration?

A

Possible anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea

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32
Q

which antibiotics can cause superinfection in guinea pigs? (2)

A
  1. Penicillin

2. Lincosamide

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33
Q

which antibiotic has similar properties as penicilin?

A

Cephalosporins

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34
Q

which cephalosporin is a Semi-synthetic, broad spectrum injectable?

A

Convenia (cefovecin)

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35
Q

how long are the effects of Convenia (cefovecin)?

A

2 weeks

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36
Q

what is convenia effect against in dogs and cats?

A

skin issues

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37
Q

what is convenia effective against in cats?

A

UTI

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38
Q

which bacteria is convenia not effective against?

A

pseudomonas

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39
Q

which cephalosporin is administerd SID for skin infectinons?

A

Cefpodoxime (Simplicef)

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40
Q

how does penicillin affect bacteria?

A

Inhibit the formation of the cell wall in actively growing bacteria

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41
Q

which antibiotics should penicillin not be given with?

A

bacteriostatic antibiotics

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42
Q

what must be observed in food animals given penicillin?

A

withdrawal times

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43
Q

how can cephalosporins be administered? (2)

A

parenteral
or
oral

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44
Q

what can cause cephalosporins to be absorbed slowly?

A

presence of food

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45
Q

what tissue is cephalosporins not distributed to?

A

CNS

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46
Q

what form is cephalosporins excreted in?

A

unchanged or change

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47
Q

how is cephalosporins metabolized and eliminated? (2)

A

liver
and
kidney

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48
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for first generation cephalosporines?

A

G+ bacteria

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49
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for second and third generation cephalosporines?

A

G+ and some G- bacteria

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50
Q

which bacteria is cephalosorines ineffective against?

A

G+ that secretes β-lactamase enzyme

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51
Q

what are some possible allergic reactions with cephalosporines? (5)

A 
fever
swollen lymph nodes
facial swelling
skin rash
shock
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52
Q

what may happen when injecting cephalosporins IM?

A

pain

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53
Q

what can giving cephalosprins orally cause?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia

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54
Q

which antibiotics should you not use cephalosporins with?

A

bacteriostatic antibiotics

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55
Q

what can happen if overdosed with cephalosporins?

A

Potentially toxic to kidneys

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56
Q

what should be observed with cephalosporins?

A

Observe withdrawal times

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57
Q

which antibiotic has ver long withdrawal times?

A

aminoglycosides

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58
Q

which antibiotic is a very powerful G-

antibiotic?

A

aminoiglycoside

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59
Q

what animal considerations are aminoglycosides not used in?

A

food animals

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60
Q

how does aminoglycosides affect bacteria?

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by attaching to the bacterial ribosome

61
Q

what is the polarity of aminoglycosides at physiologic pH?

A

Hydrophilic

62
Q

where are aminoglycosides not absorbed well from? (2)

A

GI tract
or
uterus

63
Q

what route are aminoglycosides absorbed from well?

A

parenterally

64
Q

what tissue is aminoglycoside not distributed to?

65
Q

where does aminoglycosides accumulate? (2)

A

inner ear tissues
and
kidney

66
Q

what can accumulation of aminoglycosides lead to?

A

leading to toxicity

67
Q

how is aminoglycosides eliminated?

A

by the kidney

68
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides?

A

G- and some G+

69
Q

which bacteria are aminoglycosides not effective against?

A

anaerobic bacteria

70
Q

what medical condition should aminoglycoside not be given with?

A

renal disease or poor renal blood perfusio

71
Q

what aminoglycosides should NOT be put in a syringe with penicillin? (4)
Why?

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. amikacin
  3. kanamycin
  4. tobramycin
    They inactivate each other
72
Q

what can inactivate aminoglycosides?

A

organic debris

73
Q

which animal should aminoglycosides not be used in?

A

adult food animals

74
Q

which group of antibiotics is teh newest?

A

quinolones

75
Q

what are quinolones reserved for?

A

treatment of more serious infections

76
Q

how does quinolones affect bacteria?

A

Disruption of bacterial DNA molecule

77
Q

how can quinolones be administered? (2)

A

oral
or
parenteral

78
Q

what species is GI absorption of quinolones poor in?

A

mature ruminants

79
Q

what can cause quinolone to absorb more slowly?

A

presence of food

80
Q

what tissue is quinolone not distributed to?

81
Q

where are quinolones metabolized?

82
Q

where are quinolone metabolites eliminated? (2)

A

urine
and
bile

83
Q

what is the spectrum of activity or quinolones?

A

most G- and some G+ bacteria

84
Q

which bacteria are quinolones not effective against?

A

anaerobic bacteria

85
Q

what damage can quinolones cause?

A

articular cartilage of growing dogs and horses

86
Q

what condition should quinolones not be given with?

A

pregnant animals

87
Q

what reactions can occur with quinolones? (3)

A

Vomiting
nausea
diarrhea

88
Q

what antibiotics can cause crystal formation in the urine? (2)

A
  1. quinolones

2. sulfonamides

89
Q

which is the oldest group of antibiotics?

A

tetracyclines

90
Q

which antibiotic is mostly used in large animals?

A

tetracyclines

91
Q

how does tetracycline affect bacteria?

A

Bind to bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis

92
Q

what routes can tetracycline be administered? (2)

A

oral
or
parenteral

93
Q

what products can interfere with the absortion of tetracycline in the GIT? (3)

A
  1. dairy products
  2. antidiarrheal agents
  3. antacids
94
Q

what tissue is tetracycline not distributed to?

95
Q

how is tetracycline eliminated?

A

Excreted through bile but most reabsorbed from intestine then eliminated through renal excretion

96
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for tetracyclines?

A 
G+ and G- bacteria
rickettsia
spirochetes
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
97
Q

what antibiotic can cause yellow dicoloration of teeth and bones in younge growing animals?

A

tetracycline

98
Q

what can tetracycline cause in a fetus?

A

retardation of bone growth

99
Q

what medical condition should tetracycline not be given to?

A

renal disease

100
Q

what antibiotics should not be given with tetracycline?

A

penicillin
and
cephalosporin

101
Q

which antibiotic is one of the oldest used in animals?

A

sulfonamide
and
potentiated sulfonamide

102
Q

waht are potentiated sulfonamides?

A

Used in combination to increase spectrum of activity

103
Q

how does sulfonamides affect bacteria?

A

Interfere with the formation of folic acid by bacteria

104
Q

how do potentiated sulfonamides affect bacteria?

A

bacteriocidal

105
Q

what routes can sulfonamides be administered?

106
Q

what tissue is sulfonamide not distributed to?

107
Q

where is sulfonamide metabolized?

108
Q

when are sulfonamides eliminated?

A

Metabolites are excreted in urine

unchanged molecules are also excreted in urine

109
Q

what is the spectrum of active for sulfonamides?

A

G+ and G- bacteria

some protozoa

110
Q

what allergic reactions can occur with sulfonamides?

A

fever
facial swelling
rashes
shock

111
Q

what antibiotic can cause bone marrow suppression with prolonged use?

A

sulfonamides

112
Q

which antibiotics can cause KCS in some dogs?

A

sulfonamides

113
Q

what bacteria is metronidazole effective against? (2)

A
  1. anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium)

2. some protozoa (Giardia)

114
Q

what kind of an effect does metronidazole have on the GIT?

A

Anti-iflammatory

115
Q

when can metonidazole become toxic? (2)

A

high dose
and
prolonged use

116
Q

what are the signs of toxicity?

A

CNS abnormalities

117
Q

what is another used for metronidazole?

A

symptomatic treatment

118
Q

which antibiotic is used to treat G+ anaerobic bacteria?

A

Lincosamide

119
Q

which antibiotic can be both bacterocidal and bacteriostatic?

A

lincosamide

120
Q

how does lincosamide affect bacteria?

A

Bind to bacterial ribosome and interfere w/ protein synthesis

121
Q

what routes can lincosamide be administered? (2)

A

parenteral
and
oral

122
Q

what tissue is lincosamide not distributed to?

123
Q

where is lincosamide metabolized?

124
Q

how is lincosamide eliminated? (2)

A

urine
and
bile

125
Q

which antibiotic is a powerful broad spectrum antibiotic occasionally used in animals?

A

chloramphenicol

126
Q

what animals should chloramphenicol not be used in?

A

food animals

127
Q

how does chloramphenicol affect bacteria?

A

Binds the bacterial ribosome and interferes w/ protein synthesis

128
Q

what routes can chloramphenicol be administered?

129
Q

what tissues does chloramphenicol penetrate?

A

Penetrates all tissues, including the CNS

130
Q

where is chloramphenicol metabolized?

131
Q

how is chloramphenicol eliminated? (2)

A

urine
and
bile

132
Q

what bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against? (2)

A

G+ and G- bacteria

rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma

133
Q

what can chloramphenicol suppress in mammals?

A

bone marrow

134
Q

when should chloramphenicol not be used?

A

animals w/ liver disease

135
Q

which species have a decrased abilty to metabolize chloramphenicol?

136
Q

which antibiotics should chloramphenicol not be given with? (2)

A

penicillins
or
cephalosporins

137
Q

which antibiotics inhibit cell wall formation? (2)

A
  1. penicillin

2. cephalosporines

138
Q

which antibiotics affect protein synthesis? (4)

A
  1. aminoglycosides
  2. tetracyclines
  3. chloramphenicol
  4. lincosamides
139
Q

which antibiotic affects DNA molecule?

A

quinolones

140
Q

which antibiotic disrups folic acid synthesis?

A

sulfonamides and potentiated sulfonamides

141
Q

which antibiotics are only absorbed orally? (2)

A
  1. chloramphenical

2. sulfonamides

142
Q

which antibiotic accumulates in the inner ear and kidneys?

A

aminoglycosides

143
Q

which antibiotics are not metabolized? (3)

A
  1. penicillin
  2. aminoglycosides
  3. tetracyclines
144
Q

which antibiotics are secreted in urine and bile? (3)

A
  1. quinolones
  2. chloramphenicol
  3. lincosamides
145
Q

which antibiotic is secreted by urine bile and in the intestines?

A

tetracyclines

146
Q

which antibiotics are not effective with anaerobic bacteria? (2)

A
  1. aminoglycosides

2. quinolones

147
Q

which antibiotis can do protozoas? (4)

A
  1. metronidazole
  2. tetracyclines
  3. chloramphenicol
  4. sulfonamides
148
Q

which antibiotic is hydrophilic and can only be given parenterally?

A

aminoglycosides

149
Q

which anibiotic would you use to treat a localized infection in the uterus or GIT?

A

amnoglycosides

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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