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Pharmacology > Anticonvulsants > Flashcards

Anticonvulsants Flashcards

1
Q

what are anticonvulsants?

A

Drugs used to prevent seizure activity

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2
Q

what is a seizure?

A

periods of altered brain function due to recurrent abnormal electrical impulses

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3
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

recurrent seizures caused by a brain abnormality

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4
Q

what is a convulsion?

A

seizure characterized by spastic muscle movement

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5
Q

what is a partial seizure

A

animal may exhibit spastic muscle contraction in a limb, facial muscles
Grand Mal Seizure– animal unconscious, exhibits spastic muscle contraction over the entire body; salivation, chewing, defecation, urination may occur
Status Epilepticus– a continual seizure

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6
Q

what may an animal experience during a partial seizure? (3)

A

hallucinations
develop apparent blindness
behavioral abnormalities

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7
Q

what are the phases of seizure?

A

Preictal phase
Ictal phase
Postictal phase

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8
Q

what is the preictal phase?

A

before seizure occurs

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9
Q

what may the animal experience during the preictal phase?

A

pacing, panting, anxiety, apprehension

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10
Q

what happens during the ictal phase?

A

seizure occurs

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11
Q

how long does the ictal phase last

A

1 - 2 minutes

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12
Q

what is teh postictal phase?

A

after seizure subsides

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13
Q

can can the animal experience during the postictal phase

A

tired, confused, anxious

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14
Q

what can be some cause of a seizure? (7)

A
  1. Idiopathic
  2. Hypoxemia
  3. Hypoglycemia
  4. Hypocalcemia
  5. Toxins
  6. CNS infections
  7. CNS tumors
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15
Q

which cause for seizures has no identafiable cause?

A

Idiopathic

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16
Q

which cause of seizure is due to lack of oxygen?

A

Hypoxemia

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17
Q

which cause of seizure is due to low blood sugar?

A

Hypoglycemia

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18
Q

which cause of seizure is due to low calcium?

A

Hypocalcemia

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19
Q

which anticonvulsant drug is the most popular anticonvulsant drug for long-term control of seizures?

A

phenobarbital

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20
Q

how is pehnobarbital distributed?

A

Highly protein bound

21
Q

which dugs should phenobarbital not be given with?

A

Aspirin and sulfonamides

22
Q

where is phenobarbital metabolized?

A

liver

23
Q

how does the therapeutic dose vary?

A

between individuals

24
Q

what are some common side effect of phenobarbital? (3)

A

sedation
incoordination
lethargy

25
Q

waht are some rare side effects of phenobarbital? (2)

A

liver disease

anemia

26
Q

what should be monitored while on phenobarbital?

A

Therapeutic drug concentration

27
Q

which anticonvulsant drug is commonly used in conjunction w/ phenobarbital to control seizures?

A

potassium bromide

28
Q

which anticonvulsant has a narrow therapeutic index?

A

potassium bromide

29
Q

why does potassium bromide have a narrow therapeutic index?

A

Concentration for control is very close to the toxic level

30
Q

what can be seen with potassium bromide toxicity? (2)

A

GI irritation

sedation seen

31
Q

how is potassium bromide eliminated?

A

kidney

32
Q

what form is potassium bromide avaiable in?

A

Available as a powder that is mixed w/ dextrose or corn syrup for oral administration

33
Q

what should be monitored while on potassium bromide?

A

Loading dose and therapeutic drug concentration

34
Q

what is the drug of choice for emergency treatment of convulsing animals?

A

Diazepam

35
Q

what route of administration is diazepam given to produce effective results?

A

intravenously

36
Q

how is diazepam metabolized by the liver?

A

rapidly

37
Q

how long is the duration of diazepam?

A

Short

38
Q

what is the effect like when giving diazepam orally?

A

Poor

39
Q

what can diazepam be used to help treat in cats? (3)

A
  1. appetite stimulant
  2. urine marking
  3. anxiety
40
Q

what anticonvulsant can be used on dogs (cats) when phenobarbital and/or potassium bromide aren’t controlling seizures adequately?

A

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

41
Q

what anticonvulsant is used on dogs with refractory seizure activity?

A

Zonisamide

42
Q

what is primidone metabolized into by the liver?

A

phenobarbital

43
Q

which anticonvulsant is a human drug, seldom used in animals?

A

Phenytoin

44
Q

how is phenytoin absorbed?

A

Poorly from GI tract

45
Q

how is phenytoin metabolized?

A

quickly

46
Q

what is a possible concern with taking phenytoin?

A

Hepatoxicity

47
Q

what does doxapram do?

A

Stimulates the respiratory center in the brainstem

48
Q

when is doxapran used?

A

Used to counteract apnea, slow breathing

49
Q

what medical consideration should doxapram not be used?

A

animals prone to seizures

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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