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Micro > Quiz 4 (CH 11,12) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (CH 11,12) Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial control

A

Methods to destroy or reduce undesirable microbes

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2
Q

Sterilization is…

A

The process to destroy all viable microbe

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3
Q

Microbicidal is…

A

Antimicrobial agent aimed at destroying a certain group of microorganisms

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4
Q

Disinfectants…

A

Use of a physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not endospores
Examples: Bleach, Lisol

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5
Q

Antiseptics…

A

Application of chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Examples: Alcohols, iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide

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6
Q

Microbistasis…

A

Antimicrobial agent aimed at temporarily prevent microbes from multiplying

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7
Q

Sanitation…

A

Any cleansing technique that removes microorganisms from inanimate (nonliving) surface to reduce the potential for infection and spoilage

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8
Q

Degermation…

A

Reduction of microbial load from animate/living surfaces by mechanical means

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9
Q

Highest resistance to low resistance (Microbes in moist heat)

A

Bacterial endospores, Normal bacteria, Vegetative bacterial cells

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10
Q

Antimicrobial Agents’ modes of action

A

Cell wall - cell lysis (drugs, detergents, alcohol)
Cell Membrane - loses integrity (surfactants)
Protein/Nucleic Acid - prevents replication, transcription, translation, peptide bond formation, and protein synthesis (radiation, formaldehyde)
Protein - Disrupt or denature proteins (alcohol, phenols, acids, heat)

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11
Q

Physical methods of control

A

Heat (moist and dry), cold temps, desiccation (drying out), radiation, filtration

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12
Q

Moist heat

A

Sterilization w/ steam under pressure. Higher temps and shorter exposure times. Denature and coagulates proteins, halts metabolism. Autoclave

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13
Q

Dry heat

A

High heat. Dehydration, alters protein structures. Incinerator

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14
Q

Thermal death time (TDT)

A

Shortest length of time to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature.
Looking for time

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15
Q

Thermal death point (TDP)

A

Lowest temperature to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes.
Looking for temperature

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16
Q

Tyndallization

A

Moist heat
Non-pressurized Steam
Steam heat just below boiling (100C), hold it for 15-30 minutes, repeat for 3 days with incubations between.
Allows us to grow cells from endospores, then kill the cells
Used for some canned foods and laboratory media

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17
Q

Boiling Water: Disinfection

A

Moist heat
Boiling at 100°C for 30 minutes to destroy non-spore-forming pathogens

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18
Q

Pasteurization

A

Moist heat
Heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value
Flash method: 71.6°C, 15 sec
Not sterilization – kills non-spore-forming pathogens and lowers overall microbe count

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19
Q

Incineration

A

Dry heat
flame, electric heating coil, infrared incinerators
Ignites and reduces microbes and other substances
Very common practice in the microbiology lab

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20
Q

Ovens

A

Dry heat
Heated, circulated air (150C-180oC, 12min-4h)
Coagulate proteins
Reduce microbial load

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21
Q

The effects of cold on microbes

A

Microbiostatic – slows the growth of microbes
Refrigeration 0–15oC and freezing < 0oC
Used to preserve food, media, and cultures

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22
Q

The effects of desiccation on microbes

A

Gradual removal of water from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition
Not effective microbial control – many cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced
Lyophilization – freeze drying; preservation (Astronaut food)

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23
Q

Radiation is… Why is radiation used instead of heat sometimes?

A

Energy emitted as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles. Both are bactericidal and sporicidal.
For things that have a low heat threshold.

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24
Q

Ionizing radiation is…

A

Deep penetrating power sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit
Gamma rays, X rays, cathode rays
Breaks DNA
More extreme. Break or shear DNA

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25
Q

Nonionizing radiation is…

A

Little penetrating power
UV light creates pyrimidine dimers
Interferes with replication
Forms abnormal bonds in DNA

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26
Q

Filtration is…

A

Physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter

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27
Q

Levels of chemical decontamination

A

High level germicides - kills endospores, may sterilize things
Intermediate - kills fungal spores, bacillus, and virues
Low - Vegetative cells and some viruses

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28
Q

Halogens. Examples?

A

Can be sporicidal, only for prolonged exposure.
Denature proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds
Intermediate Level
Chlorine (Bleach) - Used on inanimate objects
Iodine (Betadine) - Used in medical setting. Disinfectant for tools

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29
Q

Phenols

A

Poisonous compound (harm CNS)
Disrupt cell walls and membranes and precipitate proteins
Low to intermediate
Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal
Used with soaps found in hospitals and sometimes in homes to control outbreaks and skin infections, only available by prescription!

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30
Q

Chlorohexidine

A

A surfactant and protein denaturant with broad microbicidal properties
Low to intermediate level
Used as skin degerming agents for preoperative scrubs, skin cleaning, and burns

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31
Q

Alcohols

A

Ethyl or Isopropyl
Germacide. Bacteria, viruses, Fungi. Not endospores
Works best at 70% concentration
Antiseptic

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32
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

Amazing stuff
Lower concentration – used for antiseptic or low tiered germicide
High concentration – May be more sporicidal in nature, but needs a very high concentration and long time exposure
Wound care. Dilute concentrations can be found in contact cleanser

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33
Q

Aldehydes

A

Prevents DNA from forming double helix
Glutaraldehyde - used for materials that can be damaged in high heat. High level!
Formaldehyde - Needs to be at a high concentration for it to be a high level germicide. Disinfection

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34
Q

Detergents and Soaps

A

Polar
Low level germacide. More for big/physical particles.

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35
Q

Heavy Metals

A

Low level
Weak antiseptic. Used in lots of things. Cosmetics, dressings, ulcers, microbial control, ointments and rinses

36
Q

Dyes

A

Low level and narrow spectrum. Gram +

37
Q

Acids and Alkalis

A

Low level
Manipulates pH to slow or inhibit growth
Unless extreme, acid or base will kill most microbes. But slow or inhibit.

38
Q

Goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells = selectively toxicity

39
Q

Five major components that are useful drug targets in live cells

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Breakdown cell membrane structure/function
Interference w/DNA and RNA
Inhibit protein synthesis
Block key metabolic pathways

40
Q

Narrow spectrum drugs

A

Effective on a small range of microbes
Target a specific cell component found only in certain microbes

41
Q

Medium or Broad-spectrum drugs

A

Greatest range of activity
Target cell components common to most pathogens

42
Q

Examples of cell wall drugs

A

Penecillin, Cephalosporins,
Beta-lactams: Carbapenems (Impipenem, Broad), Monobactams (Aztronam, Narrow, G-)
Nonbeta-lactams: Vncomycin (narrow, nonpenecillin), Bacitracin (narrow), Isoniazid (tuberculosis)

43
Q

All cell wall drugs consist of these 3 parts

A

Thiazolidine ring
Beta-lactam ring
Variable side chain dictating microbial activity

44
Q

Drugs that disrupt membrane function

A

Polymixins (narrow, G-), Amphotericin B, Nystatin

45
Q

Drugs that affect nucleic acid synthesis

A

Chloroquine, Quinolones, Fluoroquinolones

46
Q

Beta-lactam is a…. (include structure/ mode of action)

A

an antimicrobial that contains a highly reactive 3-carbon, 1-nitrogen ring
its mode of action is to interfere with cell wall synthesis

47
Q

Cephalosporins Generations are effective against?

A

1: effective against Gram-post cocci and few gram-neg
2: more effective against gram-neg bacteria
3: broad-spectrum activity against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamases
4: widest range; both gram - and gram +

48
Q

Carbapenems are an additional….
and is used for

A

sub-group of beta-lactam
is a broad-spectrum drug for infections with aerobic and anaerobic pathogens

49
Q

Monobactams are an additional….
and is used for

A

has a stand-alone beta-lactam ring
narrow-spectrum drug for infections by gram - aerobic bacilli; may be used by people allergic to penicillin

50
Q

Drugs that block protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides (Broad, G- rods, Some G+), Tetracycline (Broad, tRNA is blocked), Chloramphenicol (Broad, blocks peptide bond), Macrolides –> Erythromycin (broad, attaches to 50S)

51
Q

Drugs that affect metabolic pathways

A

Sulfonamides (Broad, blocks folic acid synthesis)

52
Q

Synergistic effect

A

The effects of a combination of antibiotics are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual antibiotics

53
Q

Non-Beta-lactam cell wall inhibitors include…

A

Vancomycin (narrow), Bacitracin (narrow), Bacillus subtilis (ointment), and Isoniazid

54
Q

What antimicrobial drugs are used to disrupt cell membrane function (this question in on twice)

A

Polymyxins, amphotericin B, and naystatin

55
Q

Polymyxins will…

A

interact w/ phospholipids, cause leakage, mostly gram neg bacteria
Peptide antibiotics with a unique fatty acid component target the cell membrane, bind to LPS on the outer membrane, and disrupt the membrane.

56
Q

Five anti-fungal drugs
(My gross fungal spore erupted)

A

Macrolide polyenes - bind to fungal membranes and cause loss of selective permeability
Griseofulvin – ring worm athletes foot
Synthetic azoles - Broad, slow or stop progression
Flucytosine - analog of cytosine; cutaneous mycoses; with amphotericin B for systemic mycoses (routine fungal skin infections)
Echinocandins – damage cell walls

57
Q

Which of the following drugs inhibits bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis?
a. Chloramphenicol
b. Erythromycin
c. Sulfonamides
d. Tetracycline

A

C. Sulfonamides

58
Q

Humans need folic acid. Why can we take one or both of these drugs (referring to the drugs that block this metabolic pathway) and it does not harm us

A

We can take these drugs since the drugs effect the process/ pathway of making folic acid and we get ours in food sources

59
Q

Aminoglycosides are antibacterial drugs that target
a. Peptidoglycan Synthesis
b. Cell Membrane
c. Protein Synthesis
d. DNA Replication

A

C. Protein synthesis

60
Q

Fluoroquinolones will….

A

bind to DNA gyrase inhibits the synthesis of bacterial mRNA and DNA replication (bind and doesn’t let it wind back up, and can no longer divide again, or go through replication)

61
Q

Aminoglycosides will…

A

Inhibit protein synthesis binding to one ribosomal subunit, 30s subunit doesn’t move, causes miss reading of mRNA

62
Q

Tetracylcines will…

A

Blocks tRNA from the A acceptor site, can’t read mRNA stand, stops synthesis

63
Q

Chloramphenicol will… (microbial)

A

Blocks the peptide bond formation, synthesized through chemical processes. They bind to the 50s subunit of the 70s ribosome. Prevents from getting to active site.

64
Q

Macrolides will…

A

Ribosome is prevent from translocating binds to the 50s, has a mechanism that blocks the process of translocation (cant move down the mRNA strand)

65
Q

Sulfonamides are….

A

Metabolic pathways: block the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, block enzymes required for DNA and RNA synthesis

66
Q

The major goal of various antimalarial drugs is to target different parts of the_____

A

Erythrocytic phase/ cycle

67
Q

What are the major anthelminthic drugs

A

Niclosamide, pyrantel piperazine, and mebendazole

68
Q

Niclosamide is described as…

A

Blocks ATP for the mouthparts so worms cannot anchor to hosts

69
Q

Pyrantel, and piperazine is described as

A

Paralyzes worms so they are just passed in stool

70
Q

Mebendazole is described as….

A

Affects the use of glucose and motility so worms starve.

71
Q

Chloroquine will bind and cross-link the

A

double helix; quinolones inhibit DNA helicase

72
Q

Competitive inhibition in metabolic analogs is…

A

a drug that competes with the normal substrate for the enzyme’s active site

73
Q

What are the types of antimalarial drugs

A

quinine, chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine

74
Q

What are the types of anti-protozoan drugs?
(Meet Quin Sully Tetrad)

A

Metronidazole, quinacrine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines

75
Q

Major steps/strategies or antiviral agents

A
  1. Block penetration into the host cell (Enfuvirtide, maraviroc)
  2. Block replication, transcription, or translation of genetic material (Acyclovir)
  3. Prevent maturation of viral particles or exit of host cell (oseltamivir, zanamivir)
76
Q

HIV drugs that block the entrance

A

Enfuvirtide
Maraviroc

77
Q

What are the drugs for HIV-blocking replication?

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: zidovudine, epivir, and nevirapine

78
Q

What are the drugs for blocking exit in HIV

A

Integrase inhibitor: raltegravir
Protease inhibitor: amprenavir

79
Q

What are the drugs for influenza that block exit

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Zanamivir

80
Q

What drugs are used in Herpes (block replication)

A

Acyclovir: nucleotide analogs

81
Q

What does Enfuvirtide do?

A

Prevents binding of viral receptors to cell and blocks fusion of virus with cell

82
Q

What does Maraviroc do?

A

Covers up the cell receptors; HIV cannot adhere and remains inactive

83
Q

What does Epivir do?

A

Stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA synthesis

84
Q

What does Nevirapine do?

A

Attach to HIV RT binding site, stopping its action

85
Q

What does raltegravir do?

A

Interacts with integrase and blocks its action; HIV DNA is not spliced into host chromosome

86
Q

What does Amprenavir do?

A

Insert onto HIV protease, an enzyme that clips viral proteins into functional pieces. The bruises are defective and unable to infect other cells

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