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Micro > Quiz 3 (CH. 5B, 7,8A) > Flashcards

Quiz 3 (CH. 5B, 7,8A) Flashcards

1
Q

types of adaptation of temperatures

A

Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

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2
Q

Four Phylums

A
  1. Zygomycota
  2. Ascomycota
  3. Basidiomycota
  4. Chytridimycota
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3
Q

Characteristics of Zygomycota

A

Sexual spores: zygospores
Asexual spores: mostly sporangiospores
Hyphae are nonseptate
most are free-living saprobes

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4
Q

Characteristics of Ascomycota

A

Sexual spores: most produce ascospores in asci
asexual spores: many types of conidia
hyphae with porous septa

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5
Q

Characteristics of Basidiomycetes

A

Sexual reproduciton: basidia, basidiospores
Asexual spores: conidia
Incompletely septate hyphae

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6
Q

Characteristics of Chytrids

A

Unusual primitive fungi with single cells to clusters and colonies
no hyphae or yeast-type cells
flagellated zoospores and gametes

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7
Q

Adverse impacts of Fungi

A

Involved in medicine
Adverse impact: Mycoses: allergies, toxin production, destruction of crops and food storage

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Protizs

A

Photosynthetic organisms, unicellular, colonial, filamentous, contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll, cell wall, may or may not have flagella (motile)

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9
Q

Algae

A

Free living in fresh and marine water or wet environments, provides the basis of the food web aquatic, produces a large proportion of O2

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10
Q

Protozoa

A

65,000 species, varied shape/appearance, no cell wall, 2-part cytoplasm (ecto/endo), most unicellular

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11
Q

Helminths

A

Worms, multicellular animals (organized structures), organs for reproduction, digestion, and protection
have mouthparts, and sex organs

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12
Q

Helminths classification

A

Shape, size, organ development, hooks, suckers, other special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, appearance of eggs and larvae

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13
Q

Flatworms

A

flat, no body cavity, have a blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems

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14
Q

Roundworms

A

round, complete digestive tract, protective surface, spines and hooks on mouth, excretory and nervous systems poorly developed

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15
Q

A fungi that produces ascospores in asci with many types of conidia

A

Ascomycete

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16
Q

A primitive fungi that has flagella is likely a

A

Chytrids

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17
Q

Both algae and protozoa are

A

always unicellular

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18
Q

Parasitic helminths reproduce by

A

Eggs and sperm

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19
Q

Similarities between algae groups

A

most tend to be unicellular and are free living in fresh or marine water. Many have cellulose and chlorophyll. The different kinds of ecology and importance have great divisions.

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20
Q

Bioelements

A

Basic requirements for life
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, magnisium

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21
Q

What are essential nutrients

A

substance an organism must get from a source outside its cells

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22
Q

What are macronutrients

A

required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism (proteins, carbohydrates) CHOPSN

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23
Q

What are micronutrients or trace elements

A

required in small amounts involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure (manganese, zinc, nickel)

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24
Q

Organic nutrients contain…

A

contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things
ex. carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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25
Q

Inorganic nutrients contain…

A

atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
ex. metal, salt, magnesium sulfate, sodium phosphate

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26
Q

What are the contents of a cell? How much of each content is there?

A

70% water
in that other 30%
97% of dry cell weight is organic compounds (major building components of cells)
96% of the cell is composed of 6 elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen

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27
Q

A heterotroph is what type of source? That comes from?

A

Carbon source, organic C from other organisms

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28
Q

An autotroph is what type of source and comes from?

A

carbon source, inorganic C like CO2 as source

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29
Q

A Chemotroph is what type of source and comes from?

A

energy source, gain energy from chemical compounds

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30
Q

A phototroph is what type of source and comes from?

A

energy source, gain energy through photosynthesis

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31
Q

What does organic photosynthesis?
What is the byproduct?

A

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and other photosynthetic organisms that use O2
oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and we have chlorophyll or a version of chlorophyll used as primary pigment

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32
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis and what is used/ produced

A

no O2 produced, no chlorophyll
Different versions of hydrogen gas are produced, and bacteriochlorophyll is used

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33
Q

What do chemoautotrophs survive on?

A

survive on inorganic substances

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34
Q

Methanogens
What do they use as an energy source?
What do they produce and under what conditions?

A

Use inorganic materials for energy source
a kind of chemoautotroph, produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions

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35
Q

Mesophile

A

Thrive in intermediate temperatures

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36
Q

Neutrophile

A

Thrive at intermediate pH; majority of microorganisms grow between 6 and 8

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37
Q

Niche is…

A

Includes environment and role in the environment

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38
Q

Chemoorganotrphs/ Chemoheterotrophs are…

A

carbon source from organic and energy source from other organisms

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39
Q

Saprobes are….

A

free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

40
Q

What do parasites do?

A

derive nutrients from hosts
pathogens/ some obligate parasites

41
Q

What is the process of heterotrophs getting energy?

A

Secrete and enzyme outside of the cell wall that will break down the food source
that broken-down food source can then be transported through the cell wall and membrane to the cytoplasm
where it can be used to benefit the cell

42
Q

What are the environmental factors

A

Temperature
oxygen
pH
Osmotic pressure
Barometric pressure

43
Q

Psychrophiles thrive in what temperature?

A

optimum -15 C, Min 0 C

44
Q

Mesophiles thrive in what temperature?

A

Optimum 20-40C; most human pathogens

45
Q

Thermophiles thrive in what temperature?

A

Optimum greater than 45C

46
Q

Hyperthermophiles thrive in what temperature?

A

optimum 70-108 C

47
Q

What are the types of aerobes

A

Obligate aerobe: cannot grow without O2
Facultative anaerobe: can also grow in its absence
Microaerophile: requires only a small mount of O2

48
Q

Where do the aerobe microbes like to be/ which are which?
all at top
most at top but some spread out
at top with a small gap above

A

Obligate aerobe: all at the top
Facultative anaerobe: most at the top but some spread out
Microaerophile: at top with small gap above

49
Q

What are the types of anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobe: lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes: can survive and grow in the presence of O2

50
Q

Where do anaerobe like to be? and which is which
all at bottom
spread throughout

A

Obligate anaerobe: all at the bottom
Aerotolerant anaerobes: spread throughout

51
Q

Acidophiles grow at….

A

Grow at extreme acid pH

52
Q

Alkalinophiles grow at…

A

grow at extreme alkaline pH

53
Q

Osmophiles grow in…

A

grow well/thrive in high solute concentrations

54
Q

Obligate halophiles grow in…

A

grow optimally in solution of 25% NaCl but require at least 9% NaCl

55
Q

Barophiles can survive under?

A

can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

56
Q

nonsymbiotic is described as?
what is part of nonsymbiotic

A

free-living; not required by either
syntrophy, amensalism

57
Q

Symbiotic is described as?

A

Close relationships, required by 1 or both
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

58
Q

Describe mutualism

A

both benefit +/+
Obligate mutualism requires each other to survive
Nonobligate mutualism: can be separated and live apart
ex. protozoan and termites

59
Q

describe commensalism

A

One benefits while the other member is neither harmed nor is it benefiting +/0
ex. E. coli and Bacteroides

60
Q

Describe parasitism

A

Parasite depends and benefits; host is harmed +/-
ex. Tapeworms and humans

61
Q

What is Syntrophy

A

non-symbiotic; microbes sharing a habitat feeding off substances released by other organisms

62
Q

Amensalism is…

A

non-symbiotic; one member of an association produces a substance that harms or kills another (accidentally)

63
Q

Biofilms occur when…..

A

occur when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of the extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers

64
Q

an organism is degrading large organic molecules to get both carbon and energy it is….

A

chemoorganotrph

65
Q

Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers, where it’s photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red hue. this is a …..

A

psychrophile

66
Q

You are trying to culture a microbe from a patient’s intestinal sample. You have tried different growing temperatures and media with different pH. What type of microbe may you be dealing with?

A

If not growing at different temperatures and different pH levels, it is most likely an anaerobe and has an issue with the presence of oxygen.

67
Q

E. Describe this organism (using 3 terms) Thermus aquaticus, Requires oxygen, Lives best at a pH of 7.5 – 7.8, Optimum temperature is 70C, maximum 79C, minimum 40C.

A

Aerobe (obligate aerobe), Neutrophiles, Thermophiles

68
Q

What does it mean to have a syntrophic relationship, how do mites on humans demonstrate this?

A

A syntrophic relationship is microbes sharing a habitat and feeding off substances released by other organisms. The mites are benefiting from what they are taking off humans as resources, but humans are neither benefiting from this nor is this harmful to them.

69
Q

True or false Cells that live in oxygen required enzymes and pathways to detoxify harmful forms of oxygen

A

True

70
Q

Why might it be hard to study barophiles?

A

Because if taken out of their high pressure environments, they could rupture or disintegrate.

71
Q

Which is most true?
a. Bacteria always grow exponentially
b. Bacteria typically grow in a linear trend
c. Bacteria increase in size but not number
d. Bacteria grow exponentially until resources become limiting.

A

Bacteria grow exponentially until resources become limiting.

72
Q

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
a. They show no substrate specificity
b. They are consumed by the reaction
c. They may be active extracellularly
d. The are composed of inorganic materials

A

They may be active extracellularly

73
Q

major energy currency

A

ATP

74
Q

Enzymes speed up reactions by … an example of how they might do that…

A

lowering activation energy
is putting 2 reactants next to each other and to position the reactants to make it more accessible

75
Q

Lag phase has …

A

little growth because nutrients is still growing

76
Q

A reaction that provides energy to the cell is considered a …

A

catabolic/exergonic reaction

77
Q

A reaction that breaks sugar down to get ATP is a …

A

catabolic/glycolysis reaction

78
Q

A reaction that takes monomers like amino acids and links them into polymers like proteins is a …

A

anabolic/endergonic reaction.

79
Q

Binary fission may be compared in some ways to mitosis, how is it similar and different?

A

a. Similar: They both split into 2 daughter cells (a clone). They both go through similar phases.
b. Different: Binary fission isn’t constantly occurring like how mitosis is/faster rate. When a bacteria is exposed to a lot of nutrients, it can speed up or slow down. Mitosis replaces and fixes and is used during growth. Binary fission is sexual reproduction.

80
Q

What are the bacterial detection methods? What methods give you more exact values? What are the limitations of these methods?

A

a. Method 1: Turbidometry. Light is shined through broth to get the count.
b. Method 2: Direct cell count method. The broth is put on a grid slide and then counted manually by the amount per grid. This one is more beneficial to get an exact count per amount dispensed.

81
Q

If an enzyme from a mesophile is placed in conditions that a thermophile would prefer, what wil likely happen to the enzyme and its function?

A

It most likely won’t work because it is outside its temperature range and will die.

82
Q

Binary fission process

A

Chromosome replication and cell enlargement: enlarge the original cell then duplicate the nucleoid
Chromosome division and separation: the duplicated nucleoid starts to separate, rudimentary cytoskeleton that is going to help divide and separate the two halve of the cell.
wall off and pinch off the two cells, need to build a cell wall
Have identical cells

83
Q

Stages of population growth are

A

Lag phase
exponential growth
stationary phase
death phase

84
Q

Exponential growth phase is…

A

Max, adequate nutrients, good environment

85
Q

Stationary phase is..

A

rate of cell growth= rate of death (less resources)

86
Q

Death phase is…

A

as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially

87
Q

Turbidomentry is used to show…
Describe how it is done

A

Like spectroscopy, how much light is absorbed in the sample and how much is going to the detector. high absorbance more light is absorbed by the culture. Lower absorbance less light absorbed

88
Q

Direct cell count is used to show…
Describe how it is done

A

counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically.
This is done by placing some of the cultures on a slide with a grid and then counting how many are there

89
Q

What is the process of a Flow cytometer

A

grown microbes with a fluorescent tag/dye. the sample is loaded into a flow chamber and is passed through the laser. The beams of light, if it is able to activate the colored dye on the cell the detector will receive that signal and make a count every time a cell flows by and will detect the color.

90
Q

Exoenzymes are described as

A

Extracellular, releases enzymes into the environment

91
Q

Endoenzymes are described as

A

Intracellular; most enzymes are endoenzymes

92
Q

Constitutive enzymes are…

A

always present and produced constantly
things that are always needed however create a lot of waste

93
Q

Regulated enzymes are…

A

induced or repressed based on needs
takes longer to get what is needed, doesn’t create any waste

94
Q

What does it mean to be labile

A

Chemically unstable enzymes

95
Q

Denaturation is when….

A

Weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken

96
Q

Bioenergetics is the study of….

A

study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release

97
Q

Benefital impacts of Fungi

A

Beneficial impact: antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins, decomposers of dead plants/animals

Micro (7 decks)

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