Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > Exam 1 (CH. 1-8) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (CH. 1-8) Flashcards

1
Q

5 things all cells have

A

cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Virus

A

Acellular, parasitic particles, composed of a nucleic acid, proteins, and a capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryote

A

Microscopic, unicellular organism, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Includes bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryote

A

Unicellular and multicellular, has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Includes major cell types, animal cells, plant cells, fungi, protozoa and protists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parasite

A

Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that can cause disease or infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medical micro, public health micro, epidemiology

A

How microbes effect humans and monitor and control disease spread.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biotechnology

A

Microbes used for products; natural ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Microbes used for products; altered or enhanced ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Industrial micro

A

Microbes used for products; large quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Immunology

A

Protective substances, reactions caused by microbes, blood testing, vaccines, allergy testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ag micro

A

Connection between microbes and domesticated plants and animals, impacts on food supply, and human disease due to interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Food micro

A

Study the impact of microbes on food supply, ensure adequate food supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Made first microscope, saw animal like molecules which turned out to be microbes. Used his own teeth plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Jenner

A

Developed the first vaccine (smallpox). Noticed that milkmaids got cowpox which is a mild form of smallpox. He gave a boy cowpox then inoculated him to smallpox and had an immune response. Didn’t understand the mechanism. Replicated study. Write a paper with the term vaccination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Holmes

A

Observed women who give birth at home had fewer infections than those in the hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Semmelweis

A

Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward. childbed fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lister

A

Introduced aseptic or sterile techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infection. Chemicals used on hands to disinfect before surgeries, used heat for sterilization, disproved miasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tyndall and Cohn

A

Demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes, determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pasteur (and Koch)

A

Germ Theory of Disease. Microbial diseases are not caused by sin, bad character, or poverty. Microbes causing fermentation and spoilage. Disproved spontaneous generation or microorganisms, developed pasteurization, demonstrate what is now germ theory of disease. Father of Micro. Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Von Linné

A

Created taxonomy, the organizing, classification, and naming of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Taxonomy

A

The organizing, classifying, and naming living things and the formal system originated by Von Linne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nomenclature

A

Assigning of names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define sterility

A

A process in which after it’s completed there is no microbe or spore of any kind whatsoever on the surface of the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What major reactions do microbes do

A

Photosynthesis and decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation and why is that important?

A

Louis Pasteur. Because only living things can come from living things and not from sin, bad character, poverty, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Two types of phylogenetic trees and which is more accurate

A

Whittaker and Woese-Fox. Woese-Fox because is has 3 domains and is not linear, more of a v shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What microbiology deals with food supply

A

Ag and Food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Major microbe groups

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Levels in Taxonomy (in order)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which group has fewest microscopic organisms?
Bacteria, Viruses, Archaea, Plants, Protozoans

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

You are not clear when you look at a sample if there are two adjoined dots or one, you need more

A

Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which do you actually see in the microscope?

A

Virtual image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What scope should you use for and why: Live, 10,000X

A

Not possible. Can’t get that close up with an ocular microscope and all electron microscopes can’t view living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What scope should you use for and why: 1,500X, want to fluorescently tag chloroplast organelles

A

Fluorescence microscope because you want to color the parts of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What scope should you use for and why: Dead, 50,000X, want to examine the inner folds of a mitochondrion.

A

TEM because it goes through the cell to see the innerfolds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What scope should you use for and why: Live, colorless, want to visualize the organism at ~1,000X

A

Phase-contrast because you can see through the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CHROMagar contains several dyes and is used to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections. The patient’s sample is inoculated and based on the color of the colonies you can identify the pathogen. CHROMagar is best described as:

A

Differential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In your own words, explain why Gram staining is differential and not selective.

A

Gram staining is differential and not selective because you are differentiating between positive and negative with either purple for positive and red for negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

We often use oil immersion in microbiology, why? Include why oil would be used, and why we need to magnify at this level in microbiology.

A

Because the organisms are so small.
Oil immersion is used often because when an organism is too small to see in the 4 and 10x view, you need to move to the 100x view and doing so, the light will not shine through the microscope clearly and bounce through the air, and the oil will help funnel the light though the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  1. There are two major lenses in a standard light microscope, what are they, and how do you use them to calculate total magnification.
A

There’s the ocular lens and the objective lens. The ocular lens is in the eye piece and the objective lenses are on the nose piece and all three have a different magnification. You calculate the total magnification by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power to get the total magnification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 6 I’s I the 6I system and what is the ultimate goal?

A

Inoculation – To introduce a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth
Incubation – To promote multiplication and produce the actual culture.
Isolation – To make additional cultures from single colonies to ensure they are pure
Inspection – To analyze initial characteristics of microbes in samples. Stains may be used.
Information gathering – To provide specific data and generate an overall profile of the microbes
Identification – Lays the groundwork for further research into the nature and roles of the microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If a stain attaches to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, what type of dye and staining is this?

A

Basic dye and positive stain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is media and why is it used? What is Agar?

A

Media is a nutrient used to grow organisms outside of their natural habitats. Agar is a type of media made from seaweed or algae that is a solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Liquid

A

Broth media. Does not solidify.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Semi-solid

A

Will contain a solidifying agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Solid

A

Has a firm surface for colony formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Synthetic

A

Contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Complex

A

Contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: General purpose

A

Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Enriched

A

Contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Selective

A

Contains agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Differential

A

Allows growth of different microbes and displays visible differences among them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

There are three major types of isolation techniques presented

A

Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Describe how a streak plate works

A

Spread the sample in long thin lines over the surface on a solid media slowly diluting the sample

56
Q

Describe how a pour plate works

A

Taking a loop from sample 1 to sample 2 then a loop from sample 2 into sample 3 to dilute out the sample and isolate the microbe.

57
Q

Describe how a spread plate works - Aeryn if you see this, feel free to edit it if it’s wrong or doesn’t make sense. Or add cards for that matter too :)

A

The microbe solution is in water and it is diluted over a water gradient and then pipetted onto the surface of a plate then spread out over the top.

58
Q

What are the different types of microscopes?

A

Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning confocal, transmission electron, scanning electron

59
Q

What is this microscope used for : Bright field

A

Live, preserved, and stained specimen

60
Q

What is this microscope used for : Dark field

A

Live and unstained specimen

61
Q

What is this microscope used for : Phase contrast

A

Unstained living cells to see intracellular structures

62
Q

What is this microscope used for : Fluorescence

A

Detecting certain cells, diagnoses, or if you are looking for a specific cell or structure

63
Q

What is this microscope used for : Scanning Confocal

A

To focus on multiple depths, plains, and to make a 3D image

64
Q

What is this microscope used for : Transmission Electron (TEM)

A

To look through a sample using electrons, and to see the more or less dense parts of the cell

65
Q

What is this microscope used for : Scanning Electron (SEM)

A

To build a 3D map or view of a cell. Cells can be larger and thicker using this microscope.

66
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Acidic dye

A

Negatively charged chromophore

67
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Negative stain

A

The microbe repels the dye and stains the background.

68
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Simple stain

A

One dye is used and reveals shape, size, and arrangement

69
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Differential stain

A

Uses a primary stain then a counter stain to differentiate cell types or parts such as gram stains, acid-fast, and endospore

70
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Structural Stain

A

Reveals certain cell parts like capsule stains and flagellar stain

71
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Positive staining

A

Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

72
Q

What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Basic dye

A

Positively charged chromophore

73
Q

What category of stains do each of these fall into?
White microbes, purple background
Acid-Fast
Flagellar stain
Endospore stain

A

Negative stain
Differential stain
Structural stain
Differential stain

74
Q

Which of the following best describes the action of the prokaryotic flagellum

A

Rotates to move the cell

75
Q

What signals may guide the bacteria to or away from an area and what is/are the process(es) called?

A

Chemotaxis and phototaxis. Positive is towards the stimuli and negative is away from the stimuli. Counterclockwise motion is a run and clockwise is a tumble because it tumbles around whereas counterclockwise is a more linear motion like a run

76
Q

What are the core major differences between Gram + and Gram – cell walls? List multiple

A

Gram + = Super thick peptidoglycan, possibly no periplasmic space, has wall and lipo teichoic acids
Gram - = Super thin peptidoglycan, always has periplasmic space, has lipopolysaccharides and porin network, is like a sandwich

77
Q

A structure that stores things

A

Inclusion and granules

78
Q

A structure that makes proteins

A

Ribosomes

79
Q

A resting cell that can survive environmental extremes

A

Endospores

80
Q

Round bacterial cells growing in irregular clusters would be best described as:

A

Staphylococci

81
Q

What would you call pairs of rod shaped cells?

A

Diplobacilli

82
Q

Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

A

False

83
Q

Organisms in Domain Archaea are often characterized by their ability to

A

live in extremes.

84
Q

Cell membrane

A

Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Controls what goes in and out

85
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Serves as a solvent for materials used in cell function. Life-sustaining reactions. Supports structures in dense gel

86
Q

Nucleoid

A

Holds genetic material

87
Q

Cell wall - G+

A

Structure, stability, prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure

88
Q

Glycocalyx - Capsule and Slime

A

Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss. Smooth and relatively even

89
Q

Flagellum

A

Move or rotate the cell

90
Q

Characteristics of a cell

A

reproduction, hereditary and dna, growth and development, metabolism and enzymes, transport, responsiveness

91
Q

-trichous

A

hair like structures

92
Q

lopho

A

bunches emerging from same site

93
Q

amphi

A

both sides

94
Q

peri

A

perimeter

95
Q

Germination

A

return to vegetative growth

96
Q

coccus

A

sphereical

97
Q

bacillus

A

rod

98
Q

coccobacillus

A

round rod. short and plump

99
Q

What is one key shared feature of fimbriae, pili and the glycocalyx? How are they different?

A

They all cover the outside of a cell. They differ because fimbriae is used to attach to surfaces, pili is to attach to other cells, and Glycocalyx is a coating on a cell. Also, fimbriae and pili are appendages

100
Q

How are chromosomes and plasmids different?

A

They are different because plasmids self-replicate naturally, while chromosomes replicate with the genome

101
Q

In what types of organisms do we find chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are mostly found in eukaryotes. Mostly plants and animal cells.

102
Q

In what types of organisms do we find plasmids?

A

Plasmids are found in prokaryotes, specifically bacteria. And in some eukaryotes.

103
Q

How do bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?

A

Eukaryotes have a 60S and 40S subunit whereas prokaryotes have 30S and 40S subunits.

104
Q

What is an endospore and how are they useful.

A

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera.
They are useful because they can be dormant for millions of years and then become active again?

105
Q

Cell arrangement is determined by _________________ and ____________________.

A

Pattern of division and how cells remain attached after division

106
Q

How do the actinobacteria and the firmicutes differ?

A

actinobacteria: mainly gram positive with high GC content
firmicutes: mainly Gram positive with low GC content

107
Q

What process do the cyanobacteria and the green/purple sulfur bacteria have in common? What’s different about how they do this process?

A

Both do photosynthesis.
Cyano- Gas inclusions
Sulfur- No oxygen production

108
Q

What does it mean for bacteria to be gliding? Fruiting?

A
  1. Gliding is travelling in low water content
  2. Fruiting is the organized movement of vegetative cells.
109
Q

What is special about rickettsias and chlamydias? What do they each cause?

A
  1. Both are intracellular parasites.
  2. Both cause dangerous disease. R is Rocky mountain spotted fever and C is STD and pneumonia
110
Q

How do Archaea differ from bacteria and euks? Which are they more similar to in your opinion?

A
  1. It differs because they live in very extreme habitats with lots of stressors.
  2. They are more similar to euks.
111
Q

What part of aerobic respiration releases CO2?
A. Transition Step aka Linking Step
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport System
D. Chemiosmosis

A

A,B

112
Q

Where is the ETC in bacteria and where is it in eukaryotes (answers may differ between organism types)?
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. Cell Envelope
D. Mitochondria

A

B: Bacteria, D: Eukaryotes

113
Q

The main job of chloroplast pigments during photosynthesis is to
A. capture photons of light
B. absorb carbon dioxide
C. fix carbon dioxide into large organic molecules
D. produce ATP

A

A

114
Q

Where do light reactions occur in eukaryotic algae compared to prokaryotic cyanobacteria?
A. Both occur in chloroplasts
B. Both occur in the thylakoid membranes
C. Both occur in the cytoplasm
D. These cells are not photosynthetic

A

B

115
Q

Shared processes or anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Both go through glycolysis
Use NADH/FADH2
Kreb’s Cylcle
Respiratory Chain

116
Q

One Key difference between anaerobic and aerobic

A

oxygen

117
Q

Glycolysis is often considered the universal process of life or one of the most ancient reactions. How does correspond to what you observed in the lecture? Organism types? Location of reactions? Reactants/Products?

A

All three metabolic strategies start with glycolysis. It occurs in the cytoplasm for both prok and euk. glycolysis produces pyruvate (used to make ATP). It is used in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

118
Q

similarities between fermentation and anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, no oxygen, both produce NADH and CO2

119
Q

Differences between fermentaiton and anaerobic respiration

A

both are a kind of anaerobic respiration
end products are different
fermentation doesn’t use the Kreb’s cycle
anaerobic uses ions

120
Q

Does every cell have the same byproducts from fermentation, if yes, what is it? If not, what are some examples?

A

No, since there are many byproducts of fermentation including lactic acid, gas, ethyl alcohol, and more by the action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid.

121
Q

Why is the name light dependent a good one, but dark reactions not a particularly good one?

A

Light-dependent is a good name since it is dependent on light however dark reaction is misleading since they still rely on the light-dependent reaction and their products to go to completion.

122
Q

What are the key steps in Aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Linking step
Krebs cycle (TCA)
Electron transport chain

123
Q

In aerobic respiration what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose is oxidized, pyruvate is made along with NADH and ATP
this occurs in the cytoplasm in both prok and euk

124
Q

What happens in the linking step (aerobic)

A

pyruvate is oxidized, get acetyl CoA, Co2, NADH
Prok: cytoplasm, Euk: the mitochondrial matrix

125
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle (aerobic)

A

In: acetyl CoA that is oxidized
out: CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
prok: cytoplasm, Euk: mitochondrial matrix

126
Q

What happens in the ETC

A

e- carriers pass through proteins, with O2 as the final e- acceptor
out: ATP (NAD+, FAD, H2O, protons)
Prok: cell membrane, Euk: inner mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix

127
Q

what are the electron carriers?
and why are they used?

A

NADH, FADH2
they are used to drop off the e- in the ETC to make ATP

128
Q

What are the three ATP syntheses?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

129
Q

describe substrate-level phosphorylation

A

it is the transfer of the phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP
No gradient is powering the coupling. enzymes facilitate binding

130
Q

describe Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway

131
Q

describe photophosphorylation

A

in photosynthetic organisms, use sunlight to couple ADP and inorganic phosphates

132
Q

Describe the process of Anaerobic respiration (more help see chart on slide 49)

A

functions like aerobic except it utilize oxygen-containing ions and not O2 as the final e- acceptor
makes Nitrate, Nitrite, sulfate, carbonate, and not water

133
Q

Describe the process of Fermentation (more help see chart on slide 49)

A

is an anaerobic process
goes through glycolysis and produces CO2 and NADH, then through fermentation, it produces alcohols, lactic acid, ethanol, and gases.
The NADH produced in glycolysis will feed into fermentation as well

134
Q

Cyanobacteria Characteristics

A

are proks, have a thylakoid membrane in the cytoplasm, thylakoids are like a series of rings, have no chloroplasts (not membrane-bound), oxygenic photosynthesis

135
Q

Green Algae characteristics

A

euks, thylakoid is found in chloroplasts, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, thylakoid is in clumps or clusters of strands in the chloroplast.

136
Q

A light-dependent reaction can be described as…

A

photons that are absorbed by chlorophyll, and other pigments
water split releases O2 gas and provides e- to drive photophosphorylation
Releases light energy to synthesize ATP

137
Q

A light-independent (dark) reaction can be described as….

A

Using the products made in light-dependent to produce glucose and CO2

138
Q

What are the stages of the Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction and synthesis
RuBP regeneration

Micro (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions