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Micro > Quiz 2 (CH. 3,4, part of 5) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (CH. 3,4, part of 5) Flashcards

1
Q

You are not clear when you look at a sample if there are two adjoined dots or one, you need more - Aeryn if you see this, feel free to edit it if it’s wrong or doesn’t make sense. Or add cards for that matter too :)

A

Resolution

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2
Q

Which do you actually see in the microscope?

A

Virtual image

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3
Q

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Live, 10,000X

A

Not possible. Can’t get that close up with an ocular microscope and all electron microscopes can’t view living organisms

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4
Q

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: 1,500X, want to fluorescently tag chloroplast organelles.

A

Fluorescence microscope because you want to color the parts of the cell.

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5
Q

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Dead, 50,000X, want to examine the inner folds of a mitochondrion.

A

TEM because it goes through the cell to see the innerfolds

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6
Q

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Live, colorless, want to visualize the organism at ~1,000X

A

Phase-contrast because you can see through the cell.

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7
Q

CHROMagar contains several dyes and is used to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections. The patient’s sample is inoculated and based on the color of the colonies you can identify the pathogen. CHROMagar is best described as:

A

Differential

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8
Q

In your own words, explain why Gram staining is differential and not selective.

A

Gram staining is differential and not selective because you are differentiating between positive and negative with either purple for positive and red for negative.

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9
Q

We often use oil immersion in microbiology, why? Include why oil would be used, and why we need to magnify at this level in microbiology.

A

Because the organisms are so small.
Oil immersion is used often because when an organism is too small to see in the 4 and 10x view, you need to move to the 100x view and doing so, the light will not shine through the microscope clearly and bounce through the air, and the oil will help funnel the light though the microscope.

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10
Q

There are two major lenses in a standard light microscope, what are they, and how do you use them to calculate total magnification.

A

There’s the ocular lens and the objective lens. The ocular lens is in the eye piece and the objective lenses are on the nose piece and all three have a different magnification. You calculate the total magnification by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power to get the total magnification.

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11
Q

If a stain attaches to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, what type of dye and staining is this?

A

Basic dye and positive stain.

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12
Q

What are the 6 I’s I the 6I system and what is the ultimate goal?

A

Inoculation – To introduce a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth
Incubation – To promote multiplication and produce the actual culture.
Isolation – To make additional cultures from single colonies to ensure they are pure
Inspection – To analyze initial characteristics of microbes in samples. Stains may be used.
Information gathering – To provide specific data and generate an overall profile of the microbes
Identification – Lays the groundwork for further research into the nature and roles of the microbes

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13
Q

What is media and why is it used? What is Agar?

A

Media is a nutrient used to grow organisms outside of their natural habitats. Agar is a type of media made from seaweed or algae that is a solid.

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14
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Liquid

A

Broth media. Does not solidify

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15
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Semi-solid

A

Will contain a solidifying agent

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16
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Solid

A

Has a firm surface for colony formation

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17
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Synthetic

A

Contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

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18
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Complex

A

contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

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19
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: General Purpose

A

Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

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20
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Enriched

A

contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

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21
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Selective

A

Contains agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of others

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22
Q

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Differential

A

Allows growth of different microbes and displays visible differences among them

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23
Q

What are the three main isolation techniques?

A

Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate

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24
Q

How does this isolation technique work - Streak plate

A

Streak the sample in long thin lines over the surface on a solid media slowly diluting the sample

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25
Q

How does this isolation technique work - Pour plate

A

Taking a loop from sample 1 to sample 2 then a loop from sample 2 into sample 3 to dilute out the sample and isolate the microbe

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26
Q

How does this isolation technique work - Spread plate

A

The microbe solution is in water and it is diluted over a water gradient and then pipetted onto the surface of a plate then spread out over the top

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27
Q

What are the types of microscopes?

A

Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning contrast, scanning confocal, transmission electron, scanning electron

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28
Q

What is this microscope used for: Bright field

A

Live, preserved, and stained specimen

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29
Q

What is this microscope used for: Dark field

A

Live and unstained specimen

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30
Q

What is this microscope used for: Phase contrast

A

Unstained living cells to see intracellular structures

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31
Q

What is this microscope used for: Fluorescence

A

Detecting certain cells, diagnoses, or if you are looking for a specific cell or structure

32
Q

What is this microscope used for: Scanning Confocal

A

To focus on multiple depths, plains, and to make a 3D image

33
Q

What is this microscope used for: Transmission Electron (TEM)

A

To look through a sample using electrons, and to see the more or less dense parts of the cell

34
Q

What is this microscope used for: Scanning Electron (SEM)

A

To build a 3D map or view of a cell. Cells can be larger and thicker using this microscope.

35
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Acidic dye

A

Negatively charged chromophore

36
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Negative stain

A

The microbe repels the dye and stains the background

37
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Simple stain

A

One dye is used and reveals shape, size, and arrangement

38
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Differential stain

A

Uses a primary stain then a counter stain to differentiate cell types or parts such as gram stains, acid-fast, and endospore

39
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Structural stain

A

Reveals certain cell parts like capsule stains and flagellar stain

40
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Basic dye

A

Positively charged chromophore

41
Q

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Positive stain

A

Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

42
Q

What categories do these stains fall into?
Purple background and white microbes
Acid-fast stain
Flagellar stain
Endospore stain

A

Negative stain
Differential stain
Structural stain
Differential stain

43
Q

What best describes the action of the prokaryotic flagellum?

A

It rotates to move the cell

44
Q

What signals may guide the bacteria to or away from an area and what is/are the process(es) called?

A

Chemotaxis and phototaxis. Positive is towards the stimuli and negative is away from the stimuli. Counterclockwise motion is a run and clockwise is a tumble because it tumbles around whereas counterclockwise is a more linear motion like a run.

45
Q

What are the core major differences between Gram + and Gram – cell walls?

A

Gram + = Super thick peptidoglycan, possibly no periplasmic space, has wall and lipo teichoic acids
Gram - = Super thin peptidoglycan, always has periplasmic space, has lipopolysaccharides and porin network, is like a sandwich

46
Q

A structure that stores things.

A

Inclusions or granules -> depends

47
Q

A structure that makes proteins

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

A resting cell that can survive environmental extremes

A

Endospores

49
Q

Cell membrane

A

Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Controls what goes in and ou

50
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Serves as a solvent for materials used in cell function. Life-sustaining reactions. Supports structures in dense gel

51
Q

Nucleoid

A

Holds genetic material

52
Q

Cell wall - G+

A

Structure, stability, prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure

53
Q

Glycocalyx - capsule or slime

A

Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss. Smooth and relatively even
Allows adhesive to surfaces

54
Q

Flagellum

A

Move or rotate the cell

55
Q

Round bacterial cells growing in irregular clusters would be best described as:

A

Staphylococci

56
Q

What would you call pairs of rod shaped cells?

A

Diplobacilli

57
Q

Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

A

False

58
Q

Replace the blank: Organisms in Domain Archaea are often characterized by their ability to

A

live in extremes.

59
Q

Characteristics of cells

A

Reproduction, metabolism and enzymes, transport, heredity and dna, growth and development, responsiveness

60
Q

lopho

A

small bunches, same place

61
Q

amphi

A

both ends

62
Q

peri

A

perimeter

63
Q

coccus

A

spherical

64
Q

bacillus

A

rod

65
Q

coccobacillus

A

round and rod. short and plump

66
Q

What is one key shared feature of fimbriae, pili and the glycocalyx? How are they different?

A

They all cover the outside of a cell. They differ because fimbriae is used to attach to surfaces, pili is to attach to other cells, and Glycocalyx is a coating on a cell. Also, fimbriae and pili are appendages

67
Q

How are chromosomes and plasmids different? In what types of organisms do we find chromosomes? In what types of organisms do we find plasmids?

A
  1. They are different because plasmids self-replicate naturally, while chromosomes replicate with the genome.
  2. Chromosomes are mostly found in eukaryotes. Mostly plants and animal cells.
  3. Plasmids are found in prokaryotes, specifically bacteria. And in some eukaryotes.
68
Q

How do bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?

A

Eukaryotes have a 60S and 40S subunit whereas prokaryotes have 30S and 50S subunits.

69
Q

What are endospores and why are they useful?

A

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera. They are useful because they can be dormant for millions of years and then become active again?

70
Q

How do the actinobacteria and the firmicutes differ?

A

A has high GC and F has low GC

71
Q

What process do the cyanobacteria and the green/purple sulfur bacteria have in common? What’s different about how they do this process?

A

Photosynthesis. Cyano gas inclusions. Sulfur no oxygen production
C: thylakoid
G&P: bacteriochlorophyll

72
Q

What does it mean for bacteria to be gliding? Fruiting?

A
  1. Gliding is travelling in low water content
  2. Fruiting is the organized movement of vegetative cells.
73
Q

What is special about rickettsias and chlamydias? What do they each cause?

A

Both are intracellular parasites.
Both cause dangerous disease.
R: is Rocky mountain spotted fever. can’t survive or multiply outside host
C: is STD and pneumonia, move from person to person (infection)

74
Q

How do Archaea differ from bacteria and euks? Which are they more similar to in your opinion?

A
  1. It differs because they live in very extreme habitats with lots of stressors.
  2. Archaea are more similar to euks
75
Q

If blood agar supports a wide range of microbes but only breaks down blood to show clearings, it is

A

Differential and Enriched
Not selective because it is alive

Micro (7 decks)

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