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Physiology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses

A 
Vision
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Equilibrium
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2
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  • Chemoreceptors – Taste and Smell
  • Mechanoreceptors – Hearing
  • Thermoreceptors – Heat
  • Proprioceptors - Equilibrium
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3
Q

What is a Receptor Potential also known as

A

Graded Potential

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4
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex in the brain

PVNTC

A
  • Receives information from Thalamus

Senses:

  • Proprioception (equilibrium)
  • Vibration
  • Nociception (pain)
  • Temperature
  • Coarse touch
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5
Q

Tonic vs. Phasic Receptor

A
  • Tonic receptors slowly adapt but continue to respond with stimulus/do not adapt to pain
  • Phasic receptors rapidly adapt but constant stimulus will turn it off.
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6
Q

Somatosensory pathway

A
  • Fine touch, proprioception, vibration
  • Primary sensory neuron (From Receptor to Medulla)
  • Secondary sensory neuron (From Medulla to Thalamus)
  • Tertiary sensory neuron (Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
  • Nociception, temperature, coarse tough
  • Primary sensory neuron (Receptor to Dorsal Horn)
  • Secondary sensory neuron
    (Dorsal Horn to Thalamus
  • Tertiary sensory neuron
    (Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
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7
Q

gate control theory of pain modulation

A

“A Beta” fibers synapse on inhibitory interneurons and increase inhibition

ie: smashing your toe, and rubbing it.

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8
Q

Olfaction Senses

A

In the olfactory epithelium are bipolar neurons, dendrites of neuron are embedded into mucus.

Chemicals bind to receptor.

Graded potential is created at the axon connecting to dendrite, action potential sent to cranial nerve 1

Synapse on the olfactory bulb mitral cells send an action potential the olfactory tract

Sent to limbic system and olfactory cortex

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9
Q

Gustation

How does salt receptor work

How does sweet, umami, bitter work

How does sour receptor work

A
  • Type 1 cell – Salty
  • When sodium (from salt) goes into cell, it depolarizes
  • Type 2 receptor cell - Sweet, Umami, Bitter
  • Type 2 receptor cells active gustducin
  • G protein coupling receptor - Creates a cascade of reactions in cell when activated, eventually creating ATP (acts as a neurotransmitter)
  • Type 3 presynaptic cells - sour
  • Detected when hydrogen influxes into the cell
  • Releases serotonin binding to primary sensory neurons
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10
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • Responsible for equilibrium

Made up of Otolith organs & Semicircular Canals

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11
Q

What Specialized receptors are called for hearing in the semicircular canals

A
  • Vestibular duct/Tympanic duct - fluid moves through here

- Cochlear duct - contains hearing receptors called organ of Corti

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12
Q

Otolith Organs

A

Consist of Saccule And Utricle

Contain specialized receptors called maculae

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13
Q

Rods Vs Cones

A

Rods

  • See gray scale
  • Sensitive to light which lets you see in dark
  • Not detailed vision
  • One neuron connects to multiple rods (which is why it is not detailed vision.

Cones

  • See color
  • Not sensitive to light, requires an adequate amount of light to be activated
  • Detailed vision.
  • One neuron connects to one cone (which is why you have detail)
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14
Q

How is light refracted into the eyes?

A
  • Light is refracted by the cornea (or lens) as it enters the eyes
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15
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in sympathetic and sympathetic systems?

A

SYMPATHETIC
Preganglionic
- Acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic
- Norepinephrine on a or b adrenergic receptors

PARASYMPATHETIC
Preganglionic
- Acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic
- Acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors

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16
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies are located

A

T1 to L2 spinal cord

Parasympathetic is midbrain, medulla, and S2, S3 and S4 spinal cord segments

17
Q

Parasympathetic effects on body

A
  • Routes blood flow to digestive and excretory organs
  • Increases digestion/excretory functions
  • Increases salivation
  • Increases sexual arousal
18
Q

Sympathetic effects on bodyd

A
  • Increases blood pressure and heart rate
  • Dilates pupils
  • Routes blood flow to skeletal muscles
  • Reduces Digestion/Excretory functions
  • Widens bronchials for respiration
19
Q

What happens when adrenal medulla is stimulated

A
  • Sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses into adrenal medulla instead of sympathetic ganglion
  • Mostly epinephrine is released with some norepinephrine
  • The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines
  • Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
  • Postganglionic neurons (chromaffin cells) lack axons
  • Secrete epinephrine (neurohormone) into the blood
20
Q

Dorsal Horn Vs. Ventral Horn

A
  • Dorsal horn
    Somatic sensory neurons
    Visceral sensory neurons
  • Ventral horn
    Somatic motor neurons
21
Q

Types of receptors found in NMJ

A
  • Nicotinic receptors
22
Q

Neurotransmitter released in NMJ

A
  • Acetylcholine
23
Q

What happens when action potential reaches terminal end of axon

A
  • Voltage gated calcium channels (bringing in calcium from synaptic cleft)
  • Calcium is high extracellular
  • ACh is released via exocytosis from neuron into synaptic cleft
  • When two ACh molecules bind to the nicotinic receptors, channels open allowing the swap of sodium and potassium
  • Causes a graded potential
  • If voltage reaches threshold, voltage gated channels in the sarcolemma are open
  • Causes an action potential

Physiology (7 decks)

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