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Physiology > Quiz 2 Review > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Potential Energy

vs.

Kinetic Energy

A

Potential Energy is stored energy in the concentration gradients and chemical bonds

Kinetic Energy is the energy released from potential energy

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2
Q

Synthesis (Anabolic Reaction) Equation

A

A + B = AB

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3
Q

Hydrolysis (Catabolic Reaction) Reaction

A

AB = A + B

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4
Q

Law of balance (know which way it goes)

C02 + H20 <=> H2C03 <=> Hc03- + H+

A

If you raise CO2 in the body the equation goes from left to right

If you decrease CO2 in the body the equation goes from right to left

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5
Q

Deammination

A

Removal of an amino out of an amino acid group.
This happens when Protein is being converted to make ATP.
Ammonia is produced as a by-product, but is converted into Urea in the kidney

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6
Q

What is aerobic metabolism - how many ATP from glucose molecule?

A

Glycolysis 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle 2 ATP
Electron Transport System 26 - 28 ATP

One glucose molecule makes = 30-32 ATP
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7
Q

RNA Transcription

A

(NUCLEUS) is when a gene’s DNA sequence is copied into RNA

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8
Q

RNA Translation

A

(CYTOPLASM) is when the amino acid is decoded in the ribosomes due to codon and anticodon

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9
Q

Fed State

Ana Fed her Abs

A

Anabolic (Fed state or Absorptive State)

Insulin signals making Glycogen from Glucose

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10
Q

Fasted State

the Cat ran Fast around the Post

A

Catabolic (Fasted State or Postabsorptive State)

Glucagon signals to break down glycogen to glucose

Goal is to maintain blood sugar level

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11
Q

Factors that affect metabolic rate in humans

All 
Adults
Are
Drinking
Homemade 
Gin
A
  1. Age and Sex
  2. Amount of lean muscle mass
  3. Activity Level
  4. Diet and Diet-Induced thermogenesis
  5. Hormones
  6. Genetics
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12
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis and where predominantly does it take place?

A

Synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursor

  1. Created primarily in the liver
  2. Glycerol from Adipose tissue
  3. Pyruvate or Lactate from Muscle tissue
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13
Q

What is Betaoxidation?

A

Beta Oxidation is the break down of fatty acids to make acetyl CoA to turn into ATP

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14
Q

Insulin has certain target tissues, what are they?

LAM

A

Liver
Adipose Tissue
Muscle

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15
Q

Pancreas functioning as an exocrine organ secretes

A

Lipase – enzyme to break down fat
Amylase – break down carbs
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin – break down protein

Interacts with gallbladder to produce Bile to digest fat, carbs, and protein

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16
Q

Osmosis

Sister Sol-ange

A

The movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient

17
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure that must be applied to oppose osmosis

18
Q

Osmolarity (OsM)

A

Osmolarity is the number osmotically active particles per liter of solution OsM or osmol/L

19
Q

What factors determine a membrane’s permeability to a molecule?

A

The molecules lipid solubility
The molecule’s size
The lipid composition of the membrane

20
Q

Active Transport

A

Active requires ATP

Active goes up the concentration gradient

21
Q

Passive Transport

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion uses integrated protein channels in phospholipid bilayer
  2. Regular diffusion goes through the membrane
  3. Osmosis is the flow of water
  4. Passive requires concentration gradient and it goes down
22
Q

Carrier Protein in cell membrane

A
  1. Sodium-Glucose transport carrier protein is normally closed unless sodium and glucose bind to it which then allows both to go in the cell, the protein changes structurally (Conformational Change) – Sodium gets pumped out
23
Q

Specificity

A

the ability of a transporter to move only one molecule or only a group of
closely related molecules (LOCK/KEY)

24
Q

Affinity

A

the level of attraction between ligand and receptor

25
Q

Competition

A

multiple ligands can bind with one receptor

26
Q

Saturation

A

All protein receptors on a cell have a ligand bound to it

27
Q

If receptors are increased on a cell, will there be a diminished response or exaggerated response?

A

Increase – Exaggerated

Decreased - Diminished

28
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Acts as Paracrine

A gaseous signal molecule released by endothelial cells.

Diffuses into smooth muscles causing it to vasodilate (relax).

Nitric oxide also acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.

29
Q

How do Drugs Lower CHOLESTEROL

A
T
S
Lowers LDL-c increases HDL-c

A

Prevents the absorption of Cholesterol
Prevents transport of cholesterol through intestinal cells
Prevents synthesis in liver
Lowers LDL-C while increasing HDL-C

Physiology (7 decks)

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