Quiz 2 Review Flashcards
Potential Energy
vs.
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy is stored energy in the concentration gradients and chemical bonds
Kinetic Energy is the energy released from potential energy
Synthesis (Anabolic Reaction) Equation
A + B = AB
Hydrolysis (Catabolic Reaction) Reaction
AB = A + B
Law of balance (know which way it goes)
C02 + H20 <=> H2C03 <=> Hc03- + H+
If you raise CO2 in the body the equation goes from left to right
If you decrease CO2 in the body the equation goes from right to left
Deammination
Removal of an amino out of an amino acid group.
This happens when Protein is being converted to make ATP.
Ammonia is produced as a by-product, but is converted into Urea in the kidney
What is aerobic metabolism - how many ATP from glucose molecule?
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle 2 ATP
Electron Transport System 26 - 28 ATP
One glucose molecule makes = 30-32 ATP
RNA Transcription
(NUCLEUS) is when a gene’s DNA sequence is copied into RNA
RNA Translation
(CYTOPLASM) is when the amino acid is decoded in the ribosomes due to codon and anticodon
Fed State
Ana Fed her Abs
Anabolic (Fed state or Absorptive State)
Insulin signals making Glycogen from Glucose
Fasted State
the Cat ran Fast around the Post
Catabolic (Fasted State or Postabsorptive State)
Glucagon signals to break down glycogen to glucose
Goal is to maintain blood sugar level
Factors that affect metabolic rate in humans
All Adults Are Drinking Homemade Gin
- Age and Sex
- Amount of lean muscle mass
- Activity Level
- Diet and Diet-Induced thermogenesis
- Hormones
- Genetics
What is Gluconeogenesis and where predominantly does it take place?
Synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursor
- Created primarily in the liver
- Glycerol from Adipose tissue
- Pyruvate or Lactate from Muscle tissue
What is Betaoxidation?
Beta Oxidation is the break down of fatty acids to make acetyl CoA to turn into ATP
Insulin has certain target tissues, what are they?
LAM
Liver
Adipose Tissue
Muscle
Pancreas functioning as an exocrine organ secretes
Lipase – enzyme to break down fat
Amylase – break down carbs
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin – break down protein
Interacts with gallbladder to produce Bile to digest fat, carbs, and protein
Osmosis
Sister Sol-ange
The movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure that must be applied to oppose osmosis
Osmolarity (OsM)
Osmolarity is the number osmotically active particles per liter of solution OsM or osmol/L
What factors determine a membrane’s permeability to a molecule?
The molecules lipid solubility
The molecule’s size
The lipid composition of the membrane
Active Transport
Active requires ATP
Active goes up the concentration gradient
Passive Transport
- Facilitated diffusion uses integrated protein channels in phospholipid bilayer
- Regular diffusion goes through the membrane
- Osmosis is the flow of water
- Passive requires concentration gradient and it goes down
Carrier Protein in cell membrane
- Sodium-Glucose transport carrier protein is normally closed unless sodium and glucose bind to it which then allows both to go in the cell, the protein changes structurally (Conformational Change) – Sodium gets pumped out
Specificity
the ability of a transporter to move only one molecule or only a group of
closely related molecules (LOCK/KEY)
Affinity
the level of attraction between ligand and receptor
Competition
multiple ligands can bind with one receptor
Saturation
All protein receptors on a cell have a ligand bound to it
If receptors are increased on a cell, will there be a diminished response or exaggerated response?
Increase – Exaggerated
Decreased - Diminished
Nitric Oxide
Acts as Paracrine
A gaseous signal molecule released by endothelial cells.
Diffuses into smooth muscles causing it to vasodilate (relax).
Nitric oxide also acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
How do Drugs Lower CHOLESTEROL
A
T
S
Lowers LDL-c increases HDL-c
Prevents the absorption of Cholesterol
Prevents transport of cholesterol through intestinal cells
Prevents synthesis in liver
Lowers LDL-C while increasing HDL-C
