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Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus vs. Ganglion

A

Nucleus - within the CNS
Ganglion - within the PNS

Both are clusters of the neuronal cell bodies

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2
Q

Nerves vs. Tracts

A

Nerves - within the PNS
Tracts - within the CNS

Both are mainly myelinated axons connecting neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

What is in White Matter

A

Brain and Spinal Cord
- Tracts of mainly myelinated axons

Brain
- Basal Ganglia Pockets found within white matter

Spinal Cord
- Vertical columns containing tracts

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4
Q

What falls under Afferent Signals

A

Afferent signals/Sensory signals

  • received through Dorsal Roots (PNS) to Dorsal Horns (CNS)
  • Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) found within dorsal root
  • Carried through Ascending Tracts towards the brain

Efferent signals/Motor signals
Sent through dorsal horns (CNS) then dorsal roots (PNS)
Carried through the descending tracts away from brain

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5
Q

Pyramids of the Medulla

A

Contain axons of corticospinal tracts (efferent)

Tracts cross over int eh Medulla Obonglata
- Afferent and Efferent Tracts

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6
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres

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7
Q

CN 1

A

Olfactory
Sensory
Information from the nose`

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8
Q

CN 2

A

Optic Nerve
Sensory
Sensory information from eyes

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9
Q

CN 5

A

Trigeminal Nerve
Both
Sensory information from face, mouth, motor signals for chewing (mastication)

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10
Q

CN 7

A

Facial Nerve
Both
Sensory for taste 2/3rd anterior portion of tongue

Efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression

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11
Q

CN 8

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sensory
Hearing and Equilibrium

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12
Q

CN 9

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Both
Sensory from oral cavity 1/3 posterior portion of tongue, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in blood vessel, motor for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A 
Respond to mechanical energy pressure and sound
Senses
- Hearing
- Equilibrium (balance)
- Touch

Stimuli

  • Pressure (baroreceptors)
  • Cell Stretch (osmoreceptors)
  • Vibration
  • Acceleration
  • Sound
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14
Q

Phasic vs. Tonic Receptors

A

Phasic
- Pain receptors that rapidly adapt to a stimulus but turn off after constant stimulation

Tonic
- Receptors that slowly adapt but continue to respond to a stimulus but turn off after constant stimulation

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15
Q

Where is Taste interpreted in the brain?

A

Gustatory Cortex in the Frontal Lobe

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16
Q

Where is Smell interpreted in the brain?

A

Sent from Olfactory bulb (Nose)

Olfactory Cortex
Temporal Lobe

Limbic System
Center of Brain

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17
Q

Where is Equilibrium (balance) interpreted in the brain?

A

Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex

Parietal Lobe

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18
Q

Where is Hearing interpreted in the brain?

A

Auditory Cortex

Temporal Lobe

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19
Q

Function of the Cochlea and Special receptor for Hearing

A

Channels sound waves within ear and contains special hearing receptors called Organ of Corti - transform sound to an electrical signal that can be interpreted by the brain

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20
Q

Otolith Organs and their Specialized Receptor

A

Contains receptor called maculae that detects gravity and horizontal and vertical acceleration

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21
Q

Function of the Semicircular canals and their specialized receptor

A

Contains a receptor at the ends of the semicircular canals called cristae which detect rotational acceleration

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22
Q

Rods vs. Cones

A

Rods

  • Gray Scale
  • Sensitive to light which lets you see in the dark

Cones
- See color
- Not sensitive to light, requires more light to be activated
Detailed vision

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters released by

Pre and Post Ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

A

Preganglionic
Acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic
Norepinephrine on a or b adrenergic receptors

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24
Q

Location of Sympathetic Postganglionic Cell Bodies

A

Primarily in Paravertebral sympathetic chain

3 ganglia located alongside descending aorta

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25
Q

Location of Parasympathetic Postganglionic Cell Bodies

A

On or near target organs

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26
Q

Sympathetic Effects on Body

Fight/Flight

A
  1. Sympathetic (Fight-or-flight)
    - Increases blood pressure and - heart rate
    - Dilates pupils
    - Blood vessels to the arms, legs, and heart dilate
    - Liver produces glucose
    - Reduces Digestion/Excretory functions
27
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on Body

Rest/Digest

A
  • Increases digestion/excretory functions
  • Increases salivation
  • Decreases heart rate
28
Q

What occurs with Stimulation of the Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Adrenala Medula secrets catecholamines
  • Postganglionic Neurons (chromaffin cells) lack axons
    • Secrete epinehprine (neurohomone) into the blood
29
Q

What do the lateral horns of the Spinal Cord of T1-L2 contain

A

Sympathetic visceral motor neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)

30
Q

Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic

A
  1. Cholinergic
    - Used by the parasympathetic system
    - Postganglionic neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine
    - Consists of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Adrenergic

  • Used by the sympathetic system
  • Postganglionic neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine
  • Consists of Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors
31
Q

What Receptor type is on the Sarcolemma of Skeletal Muscle?

A

Acetylcholine Receptor

32
Q

Review the neurotransmitter released at the NMJ

A

Acetylcholine

  • From choline (membrane phospholipids) and acetyl CoA (from citric acid cycle)
  • Synthesized in axon terminals
33
Q

of neurons involved in the somatosensory pathway

A
  1. Neuron Relay
  2. Fine Touch, Proprioception, Vibration
    -Primary sensory neuron
    From receptor to medulla
    -Secondary sensory neuron
    From medulla to thalamus
    -Tertiary sensory neuron
    From thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
  3. Nociception, temperature, coarse tough
    -Primary sensory neuron
    Receptor to dorsal horn
    -Secondary sensory neuron
    Dorsal horn to thalamus
    -Tertiary sensory neuron
    Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
34
Q

Longest Cranial Nerve and only one to leave the head and neck area

A

CN 10 Vagus Nerve

Sensory and motor to many internal organs, muscles, and glands

35
Q

Meninges

A 
1.	Pia mater
	Deepest layer
	Firmly adheres to brain tissue and spinal cord
2.	Arachnoid membrane
	Intermediate layer
	Between arachnoid membrane and dura matter around BRAIN is a web like area called "sub arachnoid space" where CSF flows through
3.	Dura mater
	Superficial layer
36
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglia is a bulb like structure in the dorsal root within the peripheral nervous system
  2. Analogous to the nuclei in the central nervous system, filled with cell bodies
  3. Both somatic and visceral senses synapse in the dorsal root ganglion
37
Q

6 Glial Cells

A

PNS

  • Schwann - Myelin Sheaths
  • Saellite - Support Cell Bodies

CNS

  • Oliogendrocytes - Myeline sheets
  • Astrocytes - forms BBB, supplie neurons with nutrients and removes wste, takes up K+, Maintains ECF, Promotes tight junction
  • Microglia - Specialize Immune Cells - phagocytosis
  • Ependyma cells - Plasma goes through ependymal cells and Modify them to turn into CSF, Has Cilia to move around CSF around CND
38
Q

Striated Muscles

A

Skeletal Mucle

Cardiac Muscle

39
Q

What makes up Thick and Think Filaments

A

Thick - Myosin

Thin

  • G- Actin
  • Toponin
  • Tropomyosin
40
Q

What constitutes the Triad

A

The t-tubules with two flanking terminal cisternae on each side

41
Q

Sarcomere

A

The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

42
Q

A band (dark band)

A

 Run length of the myosin

 Contain actin and myosin

43
Q

I Band (light band)

A

 Only contain actin
 From end of one myosin to end of another myosin
 If muscle contracts, i zone shrinks to keep only containing actin

44
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

 Calcium storage depot

45
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

 Wide areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Calcium is released from the wide areas
 Wraps around the T-Tubules

46
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

 Wide areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Calcium is released from the wide areas
 Wraps around the T-Tubules

47
Q

Crossbridge

A
  1. Connection formed when mobile myosin heads bind to actin molecules in muscle
  2. Contraction force increases
48
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

A
  1. ATP binds to myosin. Myosin unbinds from actin
  2. Myosin hydrolyzes ATP. Energy from ATP rotates myosin head to cocked position.
  3. Power stroke begins when tropomyosin moves off myosin binding site
  4. Myosin releases ADP at end of power stroke when bound to actin
49
Q

Cause of Rigor Mortis

A

myosin is tightly bound to G actin proteins and does not release due to a lack of ATP

50
Q

RyR Receptors

A 
Ryanodine receptors (RyR) on sarcoplasmic reticulum
	Physically attached to DHP receptor on t-tubule
	Protein changes shape when DHP receptor has a depolarization flow through it.
51
Q

DHP receptors

A

L-type calcium channel dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor on t-tubule

52
Q

Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)

A

Active process, uses ATP

Pumps CA2+ back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

53
Q

Sources of ATP for working muscles (not resting muscles)

A
  1. Free ATP
  2. Phosphocreatine breakdown produces a short burst of energy
     Phosphocreatine
     Creatine kinase (CK)
54
Q

Slow Twitch Glycolytic

ST or Type 1

A

 Rely primarily on oxidative phosphorylation
 Has more mitochondria than fast twitch muscle fibers
 Dark Red color due to myoglobin
 Fatigue resistant
 Smaller in diameter than fast twitch fibers

55
Q

Fast-twitch fibers

FOG or Type 2A

A
  1. Characteristics have a little bit of both slow and fast twitch
  2. Use oxidative and glucolytic metabolism
  3. Moderate amount of mitochondria
  4. Classified as red muscle as well as type 1 fibers
  5. Fatigue resistant
56
Q

Fast twitch glycolytic fibers

(FG) or type 2B/X

A
  1. Rely primarily on anaerobic glycolysis
  2. Few mitochondria
  3. Classified as white muscle
  4. Easily fatigues
57
Q

Oxidative Fibers

A

Have more myoglobin

58
Q

What is meant by the length-tension relationship

A

Too much or too little overlap of thick and thin filaments in resting muscle results in decreased tension.

59
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. A muscle may have many motor units of different types.

60
Q

Isometric vs Isotonic Contraction

A

Isotonic contraction
 Muscle changes length when it contracts
1. Concentric action is a shortening action
2. Eccentric action is a lengthening action

Isometric contraction
 Muscle does not change length when it contracts
1. Pushing buildings

61
Q

what happens to velocity of muscle shortening with increasing vs. decreasing loads

A
  1. Review what happens to velocity of muscle shortening with increasing vs. decreasing loads (table 12.21)
  2. Velocity of muscle shortening decreases when the load on the muscle increases
     In another words, it takes longer to fully flex the elbow when holding 30 pounds than when holding 10 pounds.
62
Q

First Class Lever

First - Lenny Found Amy

A

Lifting Head up

63
Q

Second class lever

Second - Fingered her Labias Allnight

A

Tippy Toeing

64
Q

Third Class Lever

Third - Fucked Amy Loudly

A

Flexing Arm

Physiology (7 decks)

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