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Physiology > Exam 1 Chapters 1 -8, 22 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapters 1 -8, 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Main systems that control Homeostasis

A

Local – right at the cell or neighbor cells

Reflex/long distance – widespread (systemic)

Response loop – from input signal – integrating center – output signal

Feedback loop – the response feeds back to influence the input portion of pathway

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2
Q

Intracellular vs. Extracellular

A

Intracellular (K+ higher)

Extracellular-Interstitial fluid and plasma

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3
Q

Positive Feedback vs. Negative Feedback

A

Positive – stimulus increases, output increases

Negative – stimulus increases, output decerases

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4
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids
Marker for immune system
Sticks out of the Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A 
Phospholipid bilayer
Glycocalyx
Cholesterol
Protein Channels
Receptors
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6
Q

Different Bonds

A

Covalent – sharing of electrons between atoms

Ionic – transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Hydrogen – attraction through polarity (two water molecules)

Peptide Bond – amino group of one amino acid joins carboxyl group of another with loss of one water molecule.

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7
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

All amino acids have a:
carboxyl group (COOH)
amino group (NH2)
hydrogen bound to a carbon

The fourth end is what determines the protein

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds (The water shared between one carboxyl group and one amino group is removed (dehydration synthesis reaction)

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8
Q

Specificity

A

“Lock and Key”

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9
Q

Affinity

A

Attraction

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10
Q

Competition

A

Multiple ligands can bind with one protein receptor

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11
Q

Saturation

A

All protein receptors on cell have a ligand bound with it

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12
Q

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+

If H+ is added which way does the equation go?

A

Left to Right

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13
Q

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+

If C02 is added which way does the equation go?

A

Right to Left

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14
Q

What makes Ion Negative and Ion Positive

A

Negative ion has more electrons than

Positive ion has less electrons than protons

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15
Q

Solute vs. Solvent

A

Solute - Substance which gets dissolved

Solvent - Substance in which solute will dissolve in

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16
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A

Regulates exchange with environment
Structural support
Protection

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17
Q

What makes up Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Cytoskeleton
Organelles

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18
Q

4 Types of Tissue in the body

A

EPITHELIAL
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Produces glandular secretions

MUSCLE
Contracts to produce movements
Skeletal muscle, cardiac, smooth

NERVE
Conducts action potentials
Carries information

CONNECTIVE
Provides structural support
Fills internal spaces
Stores energy

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19
Q

Which tissue of the body is the most widespread?

A

Connective

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20
Q

Synthesis Reaction vs. Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Synthesis building up

Hydrolysis breaking down with water

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21
Q

Variables that affect Enzyme Reaction

A 
Temperature
pH
inhibitors
saturation
concentration
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22
Q

suffix “-ase” will indicating something is an _____

A

enzyme

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23
Q

Deaminization vs. Transanimation

A

Deamination – removal of an amine group from an amino acid

Transamination – transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

24
Q

What happens at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

ATP synthase transfers the kinetic energy of three H+ ions down the concentration gradient

into the high chemical energy phosphate bond of ATP

25
Q

RNA Transcription and RNA Translation

A

Transcription – mRNA is formed from DNA

Translation – creation of protein in ribosomes from mRNA – codons and cytoplasm anticodons

26
Q

What enzyme is involved in RNA Translation?

A

RNA Polymerase

27
Q

If SOLUTION is more CONCENTRATED on side B than side A

Which way will the water flow?

A

Side B

through the semipermeable membrane to balance out concentration

28
Q

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, causing the cell to SWELL.

relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

A

Hypotonic

29
Q

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, causing the cell to SHRINK.

relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

A

Hypertonic

30
Q

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, the cell does NOT CHANGE in size.

relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

A

Isotonic

31
Q

Describe how glucose moves across a cell membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion brings glucose into cell through a GLUT transporters through membrane after insulin binds with the transporter

32
Q

More activated receptors _______ the activity of the cell

A

increase

33
Q

Less activated receptors _______ the activity of the cell

A

decrease

34
Q

What is the function of Kinase?

A

Modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them

35
Q

The effect of the target cell depends on the _______ (receptor or ligand ?)

A

Receptor

36
Q

How does the Simple Endocrine Pathway work in a negative feedback?

A

A cell senses a change in environment and then secretes a hormone to produce a negative response

37
Q

How does the Complex Endocrine Pathway work in a negative feedback?

A

one organ typically releases hormones that control the release of additional hormones from another part of the body to produce a negative response.

(ie: hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

38
Q

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Aldosterone (kidneys)
Cortisol (many tissues)
Androgens (many tissues)

39
Q

Pituitary Gland aka Hypophysis

is broken down into what three divisions?

A

Infundibulumm (stalk)

Neurohypophysis (Posterior)

Adenohypophysis (Anterior)

40
Q

Neurohypophysis (Posterior) STORES which

A

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

41
Q

Adenohypophysis (Anterior) Produces which hormones

PS!CFTL!

A 
Prolactin (breast)
Somatropin (GH)
Corticotrtopin (ACTH)
Follice-Stimulating Hormoned (Gonads)
Thyrotrophin (TSH)
Luteinizing Hormon (LH)
42
Q

What is a Neurohormone

A

Hormone released by a neuron.

IE: ADH vasopressin released by hypothalamus to regulated the amount of water in your blood.

43
Q

Tropic Hormone

A

Tropic hormones stimulate secretion of other hormones

44
Q

What occurs during absorptive state?

A

Insulin is released
Glycogen is created in liver
Carbohydrates are used to create ATP for the body

45
Q

Which produces the most kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein

A

Fat

Fat produce 9 kilcalories per gram

while Carbohydrates and Protein produce 4 kilocalories per gram

46
Q

Gluconeogenesis

What is it and where does it take place?

A

Know what gluconeogenesis and where does it take place?
Gluconeogenesis is the creation of new glucose through noncarbohydrate precursors

Takes place in Liver

(Uses lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids)

47
Q

Hormones released by Pancreas

A
  • Endocrine:
    o Insulin - many tissues
    o Glucagon - liver, many tissues
  • Exocrine:
    o Amylase
    o Lipase
    o Chymotrypsin
48
Q

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

A
  • Exocrine means secretion of hormones into ducts to the outside of body
  • Endocrine means secretion of hormones into the blood inside the body
49
Q

What is occurring in the body during the fasted state?

A
  • Maintenance of blood sugar level
  • Glucagon is released and breaks down glycogen into glucose
  • Fats and proteins are used to create ATP for the body
    o (Glucose is saved for the brain)
50
Q

Interneuron

A
  • Neurons that interconnect between other neurons in the CNS only
51
Q

Efferent Neurones

A

Somatic Moroe and Autonomic Divisions (going away from CNS)

o Autonomic: Sympathetic (fight/flight) and Parasympathetic (rest/digest

52
Q

Afferent Neurons

A
  • Afferent are Sensory (going towards CNS)
53
Q

Neuroglial Cells (PNS)

A

o Schwanns – forms myelin sheathes

o Satellite Cells – support cell bodies

54
Q

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)

A

o Oligodendrocytes – forms myelin sheaths
o Astrocytes – forms blood brain barrier
- Supplies neurons with nutrient/removes waste
- Maintains homeostasis in ECF (water and K+)
o Microglia – eats, immune cell
o Ependymal – Plasma goes through ependymal
- Tweaks plasma to become CSF
- Cilia to move

55
Q

What happens when potassium increases what happens to the resting membrane potential?

A
  • Hyperkalemia brings resting membrane potential closer to action potential threshold
    o Hyperkalemia causes more action potential firing
56
Q

When potassium decreases, what happens to the resting membrane potential?

A
  • Hypokalemia brings resting membrane potential further into hyperpolarization
    o Hypokalemia causes fewer action potential firing
57
Q
  1. What happens if a stimulus comes along to a neuron, and opens just voltage-gated K+ channels. What would happen to that target neuron?
A
  • Falling Phase

o K+ exit repolarizes then hyperpolarizes cell
o Voltage-gate K+ channels close, less K+ leaks out of cell
o Cell returns to resting membrane

Physiology (7 decks)

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