Chapter 4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
ATP production starts with glucose entering the __________ pathway, which converts a molecule of glucose into __________. Once the final product of glycolysis is made, it enters the __________ and is converted into __________. The acyl unit combines with oxaloacetate in the __________, which produces more ATP and high-energy electrons. These high-energy electrons then enter the __________.
glycolysis pyruvate mitochondria acetyl CoA citric acid cycle electron transport system
During the fasting state, the central nervous system _______.
depends on gluconeogenesis by the liver and kidneys
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given instant is called _______
metabolism
Which of the following is a pair of processes that typically occur at the same time?
a. glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
b. glycogenolysis and lipolysis
c. glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
d. glycogenesis and lipolysis
glycogenolysis and lipolysis
The glucostatic theory of appetite regulation suggests that _______.
regions of the hypothalamus monitor the glucose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and increase activity in the feeding center when glucose levels decrease
During prolonged starvation, the central nervous system utilizes ketone bodies released from the liver’s oxidation of fatty acids as fuel molecules. This increases the likelihood of _______.
decreased blood pH due to ketoacidosis
__________ indicates that the person is at risk for coronary heart disease.
High LDL-C levels
List three kinds of work in biological systems and give an example of each
Chemical Work - Making and breaking chemical bonds
Transport Work - Moving Ions within cells
Mechanical Work - Movement of organelles through flagella
How is potential energy stored in biological systems?
In concentration gradients and chemical bonds. It is transformed into kinetic energy when needed to do chemical, transport, or mechanical work.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is constant and never runs out
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Natural spontaneous processes move from a state of order to a condition of random disorder
Entropy
The degree of disorder or randomness in a system
What is the relationship between free energy and chemical bonds?
The potential energy stored in chemical bonds of a molecule is the free energy of a molecule. Complex molecules have more chemical bonds, which mean they have more free energy.
Define enzymes and substrates
Enzymes are proteins (or RNA) that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
Substrates are reactants.
What are isozymes? How are they useful in medical diagnoses?
Isozymes catalyze same reaction, but under different conditions or in tissues. In a medical diagnosis elevated blood levels of certain enzymes can indicate a related disease specific to that enzyme.
Acid Phosphatase – Prostate Cancer
Alkaline Phosphatase – Bone or Liver disease
Creatine Kinase (CK) – Heart Attack or Muscle Disease
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Tissue damage to heart, liver, skeletal muscle, red blood cells
