Quiz 4

Question 1

Know the basics of the plasma membrane anatomy and physiology

Answer 1

Plasma membrane of bacteria is a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that contains a variety of proteins

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

the movement of some substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 3

osmosis

Answer 3

the diffusion of water; the movement of water from an area of low solute to high solute

Question 4

active transport

Answer 4

the movement of something from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 5

How do we define the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

the collective term for all the ions, DNA, proteins, etc. covered by the plasma membrane

Question 6

What is the cytoskeleton and how does it differ in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

The cytoskeleton provides additional structural support and organization of organelles in eukaryotic cells (does not exist in prokaryotes)

Question 7

What is the nucleoid and what resides there? What are plasmids?

Answer 7

Nucleoid: specialized area of the cytoplasm where the single, circular piece of dsDNA resides

Plasmids: other small circular pieces of DNA

Question 8

Know basics about ribosomes in terms of their structure and function. How do they relate to some antibiotics like streptomycin?

Answer 8

Ribosomes read mRNA and synthesize polypeptides
- composed of two subunits, large and small, both made of protein and ribosomal RNA

Some antibiotics (such as streptomycin) bind to 30S or 50S and inhibit the function of ribosomes

Question 9

What are storage granules and what are some of the types of things they store?

Answer 9

Storage granules are special storage compartments that hold excess nutrients
– often help store molecules for ATP production
— also may store polysaccharides, lipids, and more

Question 10

Know what an endospore is, why they are created? What types of microbes make them?

Answer 10

Endospores are dormant cells that are extremely resistant to breaking down under stresses such as heat, UV, drying, chemicals, and time
– they are produced by members of the genera Clostridium and Bacillus in response to environmental stresses so that the bacteria may survive for when conditions improve

Question 11

What endospores look like? How they are created? Why aren’t they considered reproductive?

Answer 11

Endospores are resistant to simple and Gram-staining, but will stain green when an endospore-specific stain is used

Endospores on non-reproductive
– when conditions are unfavorable, one germinating cell will turn into one endospore, and the reverse is true when conditions become favorable once again

They are created through a complex process called sporulation