After Quiz 8

Question 1

Zygomycota
- how their haploid sexual spores are produced and enclosed

Answer 1

• sexual reproduction
  – diploid zygotes are enclosed in a thick wall, then undergo meiosis to produce a sporangium and haploid spores

Question 2

Ascomycota
- how their haploid sexual spores are produced and enclosed

Answer 2

• sexual reproduction
  – haploid sexual spores form inside a sac called an ascus, the ascus breaks and spores release

Question 3

Basidiomycota
- how their haploid sexual spores are produced and enclosed

Answer 3

Sexual spores called basidiospores form externally at the end of a pedestal called a basidium

Question 4

Know the major classes of diseases caused by fungi. I won’t ask you about any one specific disease, but you need to know the general types

Answer 4

Skin infections, yeast infections, opportunistic infections, and allergies

Question 5

Algae
- Know their basic properties (how do they get energy, what is their relationship to food chains, are they unicellular or multicellular, etc.)

Answer 5

• algae are photoautotrophs, using light energy to convert CO2 and H20 into organic compounds (glucose) and O2
• major part of aquatic food chains
• some are unicellular, some multicellular

Question 6

Algae
- What does their cell structure look like (what unique things do they have in their cell walls)?

Answer 6

Cell walls composed of mainly cellulose, but may also contain pectin sugar or silicon dioxide

Question 7

Microscopic algae – know how they are arranged (e.g. what is the difference between being unicellular and forming filaments), how do they move, what are examples

Answer 7

• unicellular algae and those that form filaments or colonies
• most have flagella for movement
• incl. diatoms, dinoflagellates

Question 8

Macroscopic algae – Know their major parts and what they do (e.g. what is a stipe, blade, etc.

Answer 8

• incl. brown algae and most green and red algae
• have specialized structures:
  – holdfast: helps anchor organism to a solid surface
  – stipe: stalk-like structure that connects and serves as an attachment site for the blades
  – blades: leaf-like structures that contain photosynthetic cells and reproductive structures
  – bladder: contain gas, helps it to float and reach light

Question 9

Understand why algae grow in different aquatic growth zones

Answer 9

Algae grow in different aquatic growth zones depending on what photosynthetic pigments they contain and what wavelength of light is needed to reach them

Question 10

What are the two ways that algae reproduce asexually (know the mechanisms)?

Answer 10

Unicellular species go through mitosis and cytokinesis to produce two identical cells

Multicellular species reproduce via fragmentation, where a portion breaks off and forms a new thallus or filament

Question 11

How do algae reproduce sexually?

Answer 11

Haploid cells fuse to form a zygote which undergoes meiosis and reforms haploid cells

New cells reform filament or thallus

Question 12

Six types of algae

Answer 12

green, brown, red, water molds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates

Question 13

Green algae
- What properties do they have?

Answer 13

• lots ofchlorophyll
• likely gave rise to land plants
• majority are microscopic

Question 14

Brown algae
- What properties do they have?

Answer 14

• all macroscopic
• live in coastal areas, fast growing
• source of alginate, a thickening agent used in foods like ice cream

Question 15

Red algae
- What properties do they have?

Answer 15

• most are branched multicellular organisms
• produce thickening agents like agar

Question 16

Water molds
- What properties do they have?

Answer 16

• look and reproduce similar to fungi
• major cause of plant disease (ex. potato blight)

Question 17

Diatoms
- What properties do they have?

Answer 17

• unicellular protists
• variety of shapes and sizes
• source of most oil on earth

Question 18

Dinoflagellates
- What properties do they have?

Answer 18

• unicellular protists
• cellulose based cell wall and 2 flagella
• some are bioluminescent, others produce toxins

Question 19

What two types of organisms make up a lichen symbiont and what roles do each play in keeping the lichen alive?

Answer 19

Symbiotic relationship b/t alga and fungus
- algae release glucose from photosynthesis to be used by the fungus
- fungus gives structural support

Question 20

Know the structure of a typical lichen. What are the rhizines, medulla, and cortex?

Answer 20

Rhizomes: hyphae that project below and anchor to surface
Medulla: region where algae are wrapped by hyphae
Cortex: above and below the medulla, a protective covering of hyphae

Question 21

What are some of the uses of lichens (by humans) and roles in nature?

Answer 21

• many used to make dyes
• eaten by animals
• useful in monitoring pollution : lichens take in air pollution, so the amount of pollution found in a lichen sample is indicative of the amount of overall pollution present in the air