Quiz 4

Question 1

Adolescence was invented in the late ___ and early ___ centuries

Answer 1

19th, 20th

Question 2

Often the portrayal of adolescence is negative, ______, emotionally ______, with _____ _____, but there are many positives such as success in _____, attachment to family, and successful entering into ______

Answer 2

impulsive, unstable, raging hormones, school, adulthood

Question 3

This is a period of ____ development after infancy, and is significant because teens are ____ of the changes that are taking place

Answer 3

rapid, aware

Question 4

While physical development is mostly complete by 18, the ____ requires many more years to reach maturity. Things like a ____ ___, growth of _____, facial and ____ hair, _____ changes, deepening of the voice, _____ development, ______, and increase in ____ or ____ are all examples of physical development. In addition, children gain _____% of their adult body weight

Answer 4

brain, growth spurt, pubic, underarm, skin, breast, menstruation, testosterone, estrogen, 50

Question 5

In puberty, the ____ and ____ increase in size and capacity, resulting in increased strength and tolerance for exercise

Answer 5

heart, lungs

Question 6

Females have a higher increase in ___ ____ and their bones become ____ and more brittle. They also encounter a growth spurt _____ than males. Males grow ____ faster than females, and have a later growth spurt. Both become capable of _____

Answer 6

body fat, harder, sooner, muscle, reproducing

Question 7

rapid increase in height and weight over 2-3 years resulting from release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens

Answer 7

growth spurt

Question 8

Cognitive changes are improvements in ___ and ____ thought. Development happens at different rates in distinct parts of the brain and increases propensity for ____ behaviour. This is due to increases in ____ ____ and reward motivation, which precede increases in cognitive ______. However, this is a natural part of development and reflects the biologically driven need for ______. It prepares teens for complex decisions they will need to make as _____

Answer 8

complex, abstract, risky, sensation seeking, control, exploration, adults

Question 9

Factors like family, neighbourhood, workplace, gender, race, sexual orientation, are ________ contexts in which physical changes take place

Answer 9

socio-cultural

Question 10

During puberty, physiological changes in height, weight, body composition, and _____ and ____ systems occur. _____ glands and _____ glands mature. This is largely influenced by _____ activity, which has both organizational and activational roles

Answer 10

circulatory, respiratory, adrenal, sex, hormonal

Question 11

primes the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins

Answer 11

organizational role

Question 12

triggers certain behavioural and physical changes

Answer 12

activational role

Question 13

the phase before puberty from 6-8 years where increased production of adrenal androgens contribute to pubertal changes such as skeletal growth

Answer 13

adrenarche

Question 14

the phase several years after adrenarche in which increased production of hormones governing physical and sexual maturation

Answer 14

gonadarche

Question 15

The _____ gland secretes hormonal agents into the bloodstream which initiates a chain reaction to shift the ____ _____ toward an adult state

Answer 15

pituitary, hormone balance

Question 16

Accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times. First the ___, ___ and feet grow, followed by the ____ and _____, then the _____ and _____. Rates of physical development vary widely among teenagers and puberty can be a source of ____ or _____

Answer 16

head, hands, arms, legs, torso, shoulders, pride, embarrassment

Question 17

Organs needed for reproduction like the uterus, ovaries and testes

Answer 17

primary sex characteristics

Question 18

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs such as development of breasts and hips, facial hair, muscle mass, sweat glands, etc.

Answer 18

secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

the menstrual period is usually at _____ years, and is followed by more growth which is usually completed after 4 years

Answer 19

12-13

Question 20

For males, the first ejaculation of seminal fluid occurs at _____, and is followed by growth of facial hair, growth spurts, and pubic hair growth

Answer 20

13-14

Question 21

Before puberty, there are nearly no differences between males and females in the distribution of ___ and _____

Answer 21

fat, muscle

Question 22

Puberty is lengthening historically, as individuals start _____ and transition to adulthood ______. Puberty today begins on average at age ____ for girls and ____ for boys. The average age of onset has decreased gradually over time since the 19th century by ______ months per decade. This has been attributed to a range of factors including better _____, _____, increased father ____ and other environmental factors.

Answer 22

earlier, later, 10-11, 11-12, 3-4, nutrition, obesity, absence

Question 23

Completion of formal ____, financial _____, ____ and parenthood have all been markers of the end of adolescence and beginning adulthood, and all of these transitions happen on average, later now than in the past

Answer 23

education, independence, marriage

Question 24

developmental period out of adolescence and into adulthood, occurring between 18-29

Answer 24

emerging adulthood

Question 25

The biggest challenges for boys seem to be related to ____ development, as early maturing boys tend to be ___, ___ and more _____ than later maturing peers. They are often socially _____, confident and ______, but also at greater risk for _____ ____ and early _____ _____.

Answer 25

later, stronger, taller, athletic, popular, independent, substance abuse, sexual activity

Question 26

Early maturing girls may be _____, causing them to feel self-conscious. This presents a risk of ______, _____ ____ and early ____ ______

Answer 26

depression, substance use, sexual behaviour

Question 27

Late maturing boys are at higher risk for ____, conflict with _____, and _______ (victim)

Answer 27

depression, parents, bullying

Question 28

Significant changes in the brain occur in the PFC, which is involved in ____, cognitive ____ and other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, ____ and ____ ____ in the PFC increase, improving the efficiency of information processing and ____ ___ between the PFC and other regions of the brain is strengthened. This growth takes time and is often ______. Changes in the brain during this phase may protect against long term ____ ___ conditions. The brain is well prepared to adapt to new technology and is shaped by _____

Answer 28

decision-making, control, myelination, synaptic pruning, neural connections, uneven, mental health, experience

Question 29

Teens need more sleep than children and adults. _____ levels in the blood naturally rise later at night and fall ______ in the morning than in most children and adults. ____ hours of sleep is needed, and without it _____ ____ may be difficult

Answer 29

melatonin, later, 9-10, paying attention

Question 30

Although the brain is as large as it will be, it doesn't finish developing and maturing until mid to late _____. The _____ is one of the last regions to mature. The ______ ___ and ______ _____ also mature. The latter is involved in connections between _____ and _____ learning centres of the brain

Answer 30

20s, PFC, limbic system, corpus callosum, hemispheres, language

Question 31

For girls the largest size of the brain is reached at age _____ and in boys, ____ In late adolescence, brain volume ______ due to pruning.

Answer 31

11, 14, shrinks

Question 32

Adequate ____ is necessary for optimal growth and development. Dietary choices and ___ established during adolescence greatly influence future health. Teens consume few ____ and ____ and are not receiving calcium, ____, ___ or ____ necessary for health development

Answer 32

nutrition, habits, fruits, vegetables, iron, minerals, vitamins

Question 33

a person's idea of how their body looks; anxiety about this can affect how they feel about themselves as a whole, as well as teasing, social media, etc.

Answer 33

body image

Question 34

______ Canadians have a diagnosis of eating disorder. Adolescence is a sensitive period of development for eating disorders, and many are never diagnosed but suffer significant ___ and ____ distresses. The social and economic costs of untreated eating disorders are similar to those with ____ and _____, with debilitating physical and mental health effects comparable to psychosis and _____. Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of _____% of any mental illness. For females aged ____, the mortality rate associated with anorexia is ____x greater than that of all other causes of death combined. _____% and 30% of girls and ____% and _____% of boys aged 10-14 report dieting to lose weight

Answer 34

2 million, personal, familial, depression, anxiety, SZ, 10-15, 15-24, 12, 12, 9. 25

Question 35

starting in early adolescence, females have rates of anxiety that are about ____x as high and depression _____x as high as males

Answer 35

2, 1.5-3

Question 36

causes of depression include many factors such as genetics and early childhood experiences that predate adolescence, but ______ may push vulnerable children into depression.

Answer 36

puberty

Question 37

_____ _____ becomes most common at about age 15, and can lead to ____ (suicide attempt)

Answer 37

suicide ideation, parasuicide

Question 38

during puberty, the rate of major depression more than doubles to an estimated _____% affecting one in 5 girls and one in 10 boys. _____ is one of the leading causes of death during adolescence

Answer 38

11, suicide

Question 39

the stage in which we are able to think logically about abstract concepts and meta-thought, can analyze situations logically in terms of cause and effect, and can entertain hypotheticals

Answer 39

formal operational stage

Question 40

Improvements in _____ and ____ attention are seen in adolescence as well as improvements in working and _____ memory. _____ ____ also improves sharply at ___ to middle adolescence and levels at age _____. _____ of information is also improved, to remember more efficiently

Answer 40

selective, divided, long-term, processing speed, 5, 15, organization

Question 41

the theory that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action, but adolescents give more weight to rewards (especially social rewards), because hormones and brains are more attuned to them

Answer 41

behavioural decision making theory

Question 42

Without risk taking, individuals would not have the motivation to ____ the family, and this riskiness counterbalances the ____ elements more typical of received knowledge held by older adults

Answer 42

leave, conservative

Question 43

Learning to differentiate between rules of common sense and those based on culturally relative standards; leads to a period of questioning authority

Answer 43

relativistic thinking

Question 44

abstract and developmental dimensions are not only more ___ and difficult to measure, but these areas are more difficult to tease apart from one another due to _______ among them

Answer 44

subtle, inter-relationships

Question 45

Adolescents are more open to trying on different ____ and ____ to discover who they are. Cognitive developments result in greater ____, greater awareness of ____ and the ability to think about multiple _____ at once. They experience a significant shift as they define themselves based on ____, thoughts, and _____

Answer 45

behaviours, appearances, self-awareness, others, possibilities, values, opinions

Question 46

the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistently and with stability

Answer 46

self-concept

Question 47

the stage in which the person must work through the complexities of finding one's own identity and what they want to be; is influenced by how they resolved all of their previous psychosocial crises

Answer 47

identity vs role confusion

Question 48

when adolescents have reconsidered the goals and values of their parents and culture

Answer 48

identity achievement

Question 49

Some teens adopt values and roles their parents expect from them, while others align with their ____ group

Answer 49

peer

Question 50

having positive family, educators, and peers for gender recognition can result in healthy ___ ___, general good ___ and social ____. rejection can lead to negative mental, emotional and ___ health. Youth are often burdened with having to ___ their identities to others, which is different for sexual ___, ____ and ____ ____ youth. Adolescents disclose their identity to others _____ than ever before

Answer 50

self-esteem, health, support, physical, disclose, minority, transgender, gender non-comforming, earlier

Question 51

Most teens do not have ___ conflicts with their parents, and most are minor conflicts over _____, ____, ____ chores, and clothing. Most teens report positive feelings toward their parents and this in turn promotes better ____, fewer school ____ problems.

Answer 51

major, curfew, friends, homework, grades, behaviour

Question 52

Often in adolescence, same sex peer groups expand into ____ sex peer groups. Romantic relationships are are _____ __ but still important. They contribute to ___ ___, changes in family and peer relationships, and adolescents' emotional and _____ adjustment. It is centrally connected to emerging _____, as they experiment with new behaviours and ______.

Answer 52

mixed, short lived, identity formation, behavioural, sexuality, identities

Question 53

In the driving task, children under ___ take more risks in the presence of peers rather than on their own. There is no change in risk taking over the age. Children aged ____ are more influenced by their peers than children, older adolescents, or adults. Adolescents are also hypersensitive to social ______, and will be much more influenced by their peers than adults

Answer 53

25, 12-14, exclusion

Question 54

Gender _____ and gender ____ can vary across the lifespan. They are important during ____ and adolescent development but also impactful in other developmental periods. How we define and understand gender is impacted by ______ _____

Answer 54

identity, expression, puberty, social constructions

Question 55

Based on biological indicators such as the genitals which assigns the baby at birth

Answer 55

sex assigned at birth

Question 56

a person's sexual and emotional attraction to another person

Answer 56

sexual orientation

Question 57

The basic conviction of who a person believes they are in terms of gender regardless of body parts; people may identified as binary or non-binary

Answer 57

gender identity

Question 58

pronouns that people choose to use for references to themselves

Answer 58

gender pronouns

Question 59

How one presents in the world in terms of taking on culturally defined traditional masculine or feminine roles; has much more to do with gender stereotypes and is historically culturally relative

Answer 59

gender expression

Question 60

young adolescents become increasingly sensitive to gender stereotypes and their behaviour is more likely to adhere to gender stereotypes

Answer 60

gender intensification

Question 61

_______ ____ may drive more gender-stereotypic behaviour, as adolescents may feel it is important to act in _____ ways that are approved of by peers

Answer 61

social pressures, gender-consistent

Question 62

Gender diverse adolescents appear to experience excessive subjection to _____ _____. Programmes that reduce _______ and promote acceptance of diversity will likely reduce this. They are needed particularly in _______ which are important environments for adolescents but also in society at large. _______ adolescents may need counselling to deconstruct internalized negative attitudes and risk for _______ _____

Answer 62

sexual harassment, heteronormativity, schools, transgender, attribution bias

Question 63

One's experience can be mediated by multiple cultural contextual variables such as race/ethnicity, class, region, and generational differences

Answer 63

intersectionality

Question 64

expectations about ____ identity are shaped by culturally defined gender norms

Answer 64

trans

Question 65

A state of well being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her/his community

Answer 65

mental health

Question 66

By age ____, 50% of lifetime mental illnesses start, by mid 20s, _____% of lifetime mental illnesses starts

Answer 66

14, 75

Question 67

Depression includes feeling _____, being tearful or lacking ____, having trouble with everyday activities, showing sudden changes in behaviour often for no ____ reason, having trouble ___ or ______, doing less well at ____ or refusing to go, expression ____ pain like headaches and stomachaches, stopping contacting or seeing _____ and going to ____ _____, negative thoughts that are hard to change or ignore, loss of ____ in activities that were enjoyable previously, having _____ ___ that are out of character, feeling ____ or ____ and blaming themselves for things.

Answer 67

hopeless, motivation, obvious, eating. sleeping, school, physical, friends, social events, interest, angry outbursts, worthless, guilty

Question 68

only ____% of teens with depression are getting treated for it

Answer 68

30

Question 69

an intense fear of social situations or of being judged or embarrassed in public

Answer 69

social anxiety disorder

Question 70

excessive worry about many everyday situations

Answer 70

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 71

repeated and unexpected panic attacks

Answer 71

panic disorder

Question 72

overwhelming feeling of fear or panic in a situation where most people wouldn't be afraid

Answer 72

panic attack

Question 73

Disorder in which a person cycles between depression and manic moods

Answer 73

bipolar disorder

Question 74

In depression states there is high _____ activation and low ____ activation, while it is the opposite for manic states

Answer 74

frontal, amygdala

Question 75

having high energy mood that lasts for 4-7 days, risky behaviours, and thinking of themselves in inflated ways or thinking they have superpowers; behaviours are reckless

Answer 75

manic mood

Question 76

People with bipolar disorder can have ____ cycles in a year, and ____% are diagnosed before 25 years. ____ _____ is the preferred medication method to cute down on the intensity of mania and depression

Answer 76

4, 50, mood stabilizers

Question 77

many adolescents may have needs that shouldn't result in a response solely dependent on supporting a _____ ____ _____. In addition, people with the same mental health challenge may have different underlying _____, worries, ____ and contexts

Answer 77

mental health issues, feelings, wants

Question 78

The impacts of poor mental health include risky behaviour such as smoking, _____ and drug ____, sexual risk, poor ____ and lack of physical activity. It also results in physical _____, poor ____ and employment outcomes, _____ behaviour and _____, has a negative impact on ____ ____, and may result in suicide or self harm

Answer 78

alcohol, nutrition, illness, educational, antisocial, offending, social skills

Question 79

Protective factors for positive mental health include _____ relationships with parents or trusted adults, clear, consistent _____, _____ relationships, support in _____ system, pathways for adolescents to share issues, _____ _____ experience, communication skills, belief in _____, ____ _____ skills, and ____ _____

Answer 79

supportive, guidance, long-term, educational, secure attachment, control, problem solving, physical health

Question 80

A set of behaviours and guidelines that individuals use to understand the world and how to live in it and develop

Answer 80

Culture

Question 81

our own culture provides the lens through which we _____ the world. The logic by which we order it and the _____ by which is makes sense. It is our ______ and relationships that determine our culture. It involves a sense of ____ to others who share the same experiences as us

Answer 81

view, grammar, interactions, belonging

Question 82

Components of culture include (8)

Answer 82

race, ethnicity, class, age, gender, abilities/disabilities, sexual orientation, spirituality

Question 83

Some aspects of culture are hidden such as ___ ____, ____ views, work _____, ____ and life _____. Some aspects of culture are visible such as ___ and _____

Answer 83

value systems, political, styles, talents, experiences, race, gender

Question 84

Culture contexts offer shared _____. Depending on our belonging to groups/cultures will impact how we develop, _____, grow and _____. Individuals internalize certain values and develop ______ competencies.

Answer 84

meaning, experience, learn, adaptive

Question 85

uniqueness of individual and biography

Answer 85

adaptive competencies

Question 86

How we relate to others in groups we "belong to" as well as those ____ part of our belongings may impact our experiences. Belonging to cultures will have a _____ and ____ impact on the experiences we have.

Answer 86

not, microsystem, macrosystem

Question 87

relates to the experiences we have and also the identities and cultures we belong to

Answer 87

privilege

Question 88

The idea that you can achieve if you work hard enough; doesn't take into account the barriers that may have created more challenges for some people

Answer 88

power of meritocracy

Question 89

The belief that oppressions are interlinked and cannot be solved alone

Answer 89

intersectionality