Quiz 4 Flashcards
Adolescence was invented in the late ___ and early ___ centuries
19th, 20th
Often the portrayal of adolescence is negative, ______, emotionally ______, with _____ _____, but there are many positives such as success in _____, attachment to family, and successful entering into ______
impulsive, unstable, raging hormones, school, adulthood
This is a period of ____ development after infancy, and is significant because teens are ____ of the changes that are taking place
rapid, aware
While physical development is mostly complete by 18, the ____ requires many more years to reach maturity. Things like a ____ ___, growth of _____, facial and ____ hair, _____ changes, deepening of the voice, _____ development, ______, and increase in ____ or ____ are all examples of physical development. In addition, children gain _____% of their adult body weight
brain, growth spurt, pubic, underarm, skin, breast, menstruation, testosterone, estrogen, 50
In puberty, the ____ and ____ increase in size and capacity, resulting in increased strength and tolerance for exercise
heart, lungs
Females have a higher increase in ___ ____ and their bones become ____ and more brittle. They also encounter a growth spurt _____ than males. Males grow ____ faster than females, and have a later growth spurt. Both become capable of _____
body fat, harder, sooner, muscle, reproducing
rapid increase in height and weight over 2-3 years resulting from release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens
growth spurt
Cognitive changes are improvements in ___ and ____ thought. Development happens at different rates in distinct parts of the brain and increases propensity for ____ behaviour. This is due to increases in ____ ____ and reward motivation, which precede increases in cognitive ______. However, this is a natural part of development and reflects the biologically driven need for ______. It prepares teens for complex decisions they will need to make as _____
complex, abstract, risky, sensation seeking, control, exploration, adults
Factors like family, neighbourhood, workplace, gender, race, sexual orientation, are ________ contexts in which physical changes take place
socio-cultural
During puberty, physiological changes in height, weight, body composition, and _____ and ____ systems occur. _____ glands and _____ glands mature. This is largely influenced by _____ activity, which has both organizational and activational roles
circulatory, respiratory, adrenal, sex, hormonal
primes the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins
organizational role
triggers certain behavioural and physical changes
activational role
the phase before puberty from 6-8 years where increased production of adrenal androgens contribute to pubertal changes such as skeletal growth
adrenarche
the phase several years after adrenarche in which increased production of hormones governing physical and sexual maturation
gonadarche
The _____ gland secretes hormonal agents into the bloodstream which initiates a chain reaction to shift the ____ _____ toward an adult state
pituitary, hormone balance
Accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times. First the ___, ___ and feet grow, followed by the ____ and _____, then the _____ and _____. Rates of physical development vary widely among teenagers and puberty can be a source of ____ or _____
head, hands, arms, legs, torso, shoulders, pride, embarrassment
Organs needed for reproduction like the uterus, ovaries and testes
primary sex characteristics
Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs such as development of breasts and hips, facial hair, muscle mass, sweat glands, etc.
secondary sex characteristics
the menstrual period is usually at _____ years, and is followed by more growth which is usually completed after 4 years
12-13
For males, the first ejaculation of seminal fluid occurs at _____, and is followed by growth of facial hair, growth spurts, and pubic hair growth
13-14
Before puberty, there are nearly no differences between males and females in the distribution of ___ and _____
fat, muscle
Puberty is lengthening historically, as individuals start _____ and transition to adulthood ______. Puberty today begins on average at age ____ for girls and ____ for boys. The average age of onset has decreased gradually over time since the 19th century by ______ months per decade. This has been attributed to a range of factors including better _____, _____, increased father ____ and other environmental factors.
earlier, later, 10-11, 11-12, 3-4, nutrition, obesity, absence
Completion of formal ____, financial _____, ____ and parenthood have all been markers of the end of adolescence and beginning adulthood, and all of these transitions happen on average, later now than in the past
education, independence, marriage
developmental period out of adolescence and into adulthood, occurring between 18-29
emerging adulthood
The biggest challenges for boys seem to be related to ____ development, as early maturing boys tend to be ___, ___ and more _____ than later maturing peers. They are often socially _____, confident and ______, but also at greater risk for _____ ____ and early _____ _____.
later, stronger, taller, athletic, popular, independent, substance abuse, sexual activity
Early maturing girls may be _____, causing them to feel self-conscious. This presents a risk of ______, _____ ____ and early ____ ______
depression, substance use, sexual behaviour
Late maturing boys are at higher risk for ____, conflict with _____, and _______ (victim)
depression, parents, bullying
Significant changes in the brain occur in the PFC, which is involved in ____, cognitive ____ and other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, ____ and ____ ____ in the PFC increase, improving the efficiency of information processing and ____ ___ between the PFC and other regions of the brain is strengthened. This growth takes time and is often ______. Changes in the brain during this phase may protect against long term ____ ___ conditions. The brain is well prepared to adapt to new technology and is shaped by _____
decision-making, control, myelination, synaptic pruning, neural connections, uneven, mental health, experience
Teens need more sleep than children and adults. _____ levels in the blood naturally rise later at night and fall ______ in the morning than in most children and adults. ____ hours of sleep is needed, and without it _____ ____ may be difficult
melatonin, later, 9-10, paying attention
Although the brain is as large as it will be, it doesn’t finish developing and maturing until mid to late _____. The _____ is one of the last regions to mature. The ______ ___ and ______ _____ also mature. The latter is involved in connections between _____ and _____ learning centres of the brain
20s, PFC, limbic system, corpus callosum, hemispheres, language
For girls the largest size of the brain is reached at age _____ and in boys, ____ In late adolescence, brain volume ______ due to pruning.
11, 14, shrinks
Adequate ____ is necessary for optimal growth and development. Dietary choices and ___ established during adolescence greatly influence future health. Teens consume few ____ and ____ and are not receiving calcium, ____, ___ or ____ necessary for health development
nutrition, habits, fruits, vegetables, iron, minerals, vitamins
a person’s idea of how their body looks; anxiety about this can affect how they feel about themselves as a whole, as well as teasing, social media, etc.
body image
______ Canadians have a diagnosis of eating disorder. Adolescence is a sensitive period of development for eating disorders, and many are never diagnosed but suffer significant ___ and ____ distresses. The social and economic costs of untreated eating disorders are similar to those with ____ and _____, with debilitating physical and mental health effects comparable to psychosis and _____. Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of _____% of any mental illness. For females aged ____, the mortality rate associated with anorexia is ____x greater than that of all other causes of death combined. _____% and 30% of girls and ____% and _____% of boys aged 10-14 report dieting to lose weight
2 million, personal, familial, depression, anxiety, SZ, 10-15, 15-24, 12, 12, 9. 25
starting in early adolescence, females have rates of anxiety that are about ____x as high and depression _____x as high as males
2, 1.5-3
