Quiz 2 pt. 1

Question 1

Infancy is an important part of significant _____, ______ and _____ development. Babies learn to ____ and walk, manipulate _____, and use sounds to ______.

Answer 1

growth, coordination, cognitive, stand, objects, communicate

Question 2

By ___ months, a baby doubles in birth weight. By a year, the baby ______ in birth weight. By _____ years, the baby quadruples in birth weight

Answer 2

4, triples, 2

Question 3

Infancy is tricky to study because infants cannot communicate all of their ____ _____

Answer 3

developmental experiences

Question 4

the average birth weight for babies is ______kg, although between 2.5kg - ______kg is considered normal

Answer 4

3.5, 4.5`

Question 5

Vision is the most poorly developed sense at birth. Newborns typically cannot see further than a brief distance away from their _____, have difficulty keeping a ______ object within their gaze, and can detect _____ more than colour differences. By _____ months they seek more detail when visually exploring an object and begin showing preferences for _____ over familiar images, ____ over solids, and ____ over patterns, and _____ objects over flat images. At _____ of age, they can sense depth as _____ vision, and by ____ months, they can perceive depth in pictures

Answer 5

faces, moving, contrast, 2-3, unfamiliar, patterns, faces, 3D, 2, binocular, 6

Question 6

The infant’s head will grow at its fastest rate during the first _____ months after birth than at any other time, due to rapid ____ growth. The average head circumference at birth is ______cm. and by 1 month it increasese to _____cm. The head initially makes up _____% of a person’s entire length when developing in the womb, while at birth, the head makes up ____ of a person’s length. In adulthood, the head makes up _____% of the person’s length

Answer 6

4, brain, 34, 38, 50, 25, 15

Question 7

The infant’s sense of hearing is very ____ at birth, this ability is evidenced as soon as the ____ month of prenatal development. An infant can distinguish between very similar sounds as early as _____ after birth and can distinguish between a _____ and unfamiliar voice even earlier. Babies who are just a few _____ old prefer ____ voices, and they will listen to these voices longer than sounds that do not involve _____. They also prefer their mom’s voice over a ______ voice

Answer 7

keen, 5th, 1 month, familiar, days, human, speech, stranger’s

Question 8

Newborns often lose around ____g in the first 4-5 days after birth but regain it by about _______ days of age. In the first month, the typically newborn gains ______g a day.

Answer 8

230, 10-12, 20

Question 9

Often measurements for weight are expressed as a _______ from 0-100, comparing each baby to other babies of the same _____. This allows for early _________. If an average baby moves from the ____th percentile to the ______th, this could be a sign of failure to thrive

Answer 9

percentile, age, alert, 50, 20

Question 10

Newborns can distinguish between _____, _____, _____ and ____ flavours and show a preference for _____ flavours. They can also distinguish their _____ scent, and prefer it. A newborn placed on the mother’s chest will inch up to the breast as if it was a potent source of the maternal _____. Even on the first day of life, infants orient to their mother’s odour, and are _____ when crying by it

Answer 10

salty, sour, bitter, sweet, sweet, mother’s, odour, soothed

Question 11

Infants ____ years of age sleep an average of ____ hours a day, although this changes and develops gradually throughout an infant’s life. For the first _____ months, newborns sleep between ______ hours a day, then they become increasingly alert for longer periods of time. ____ of infant’s sleep is ______ sleep and infants often begin their sleep cycle with it rather than non-REM sleep. They also move more ____ through the sleep cycle than adults

Answer 11

0-2, 12.8, 3, 14-17, 50%, REM, quickly

Question 12

Immediately after birth, a newborn is sensitive to ____, _____ and _____. They respond with crying and ______ responses. Newborns who are circumcised without _____ experience pain as demonstrated by increased ______ ____, ____ ____, and decreased ___ in the blood and a surge of _____ hormones.

Answer 12

touch, temperature, pain, cardiovascular, anesthesia, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen, stress

Question 13

The sense of touch is ______ in infants and is essential to a baby’s growth of _____ _____, language and ______ skills, and ________ competency. Touch not only impacts short term development during infancy and early childhood, but also has long term effects, suggesting the power of positive, ______ touch from birth

Answer 13

acute, physical abilities, cognitive, socio-emotional, gentle

Question 14

The average length of full term babies at birth is _____cm, although the normal range is _______. In the first month, babies typically grow ______cm.

Answer 14

51, 46-56, 4-5

Question 15

Every basic motor skill develops over the first _____ years of life. The sequence of motor skill begins with ____ or _____ movement in response to stimulation and some are necessary for _____. there is the ____ reflex, ____ _____ and ____, needed to maintain an oxygen supply, _____, _____, which maintain body temperature, the ____ reflex, and the _____ reflex

Answer 15

2, reflexes, involuntary, survival, breathing, hiccups, sneezing, thrashing, crying, shivering, sucking,rooting

Question 16

reflex to turn toward any object that touches the cheek (which manages feeding)

Answer 16

rooting reflex

Question 17

____ ____ is considered the ideal diet for newborns due to the nutritional makeup of the ______ and subsequent breastmilk production. Breast milk changes by the _____ day after birth, becoming much ____, but containing the right amount of ___, ____, _____ and proteins to support overall physical and _____ development. Women in Canada are more likely to breastfeed than those in the _____, and is recommended in Canada until ____ years of age. Prices for a month’s worth of formula can range from _____

Answer 17

breast milk, colostrum, 3-5, thinner, sugar, fats, water, neurological, US, 2, 100-500

Question 18

There are occasions when mothers may be unable to breastfeed babies, often for a variety of health, social and _______ reasons. For example, when the biological mother has a ____ _____, when the mother takes any ______ harmful to the baby, when the infant was born or adopted by a family with two ______ and the mother does not breastfeed, when the mother does not produce enough ______, and when it simply does not work for the mom and baby

Answer 18

emotional, transmittable disease, medication, fathers, breastmilk

Question 19

the substage of piaget which is based on direct, physical contact, use of senses and motor skills to taste, feel and hear and move to learn about their world

Answer 19

sensorimotor stage

Question 20

First substage (birth - 1 month)

Answer 20

1. neonates/newborns 2. reflexive movements (sucking, grasping, orienting) 3. random and inflexible

Question 21

second substage (1-4 months)

Answer 21

1. sensorimotor schemes (refined, greater range of actions 2. primary circulation reactions (habitual utterances, sucking thumb, 3. exploratory

Question 22

third substage (4-8 months)

Answer 22

1. secondary circular reactions (repetition, dropping/throwing, cooing, etc.), 2. learn that they are separate from the world, 3. actions are not intentional

Question 23

fourth substage (8-12 months)

Answer 23

1. intentional, goal oriented behaviour, 2. coordinating schemes, 3. object permanence, 4. make a not b error

Question 24

fifth substage (12-18 months)

Answer 24

1. tertiary circular reactions (experimenting, searching), 2. solve A not B error

Question 25

sixth substage (18-24 months)

Answer 25

1. solve advanced object permanence problems, 2. make believe play, 3. deferred imitation

Question 26

Object permanence is a critical milestone in the sensorimotor period according to _____. It is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it continues to _____. Piaget believed ____ months is when babies first understand the concept, but research has suggested as young as ______ months. When infants are surprised at an impossible event, they look longer. As young as _____ months, babies look longer at impossible events of object permanence

Answer 26

Piaget, exist, 8, 4, 3.5

Question 27

Memory is central to _____ development, Our memories form the basis for our sense of self, guide our ___ and decisions, influence our emotional _____, and allow us to learn. It is thought that Piaget _____ memory ability in infants. Within the first weeks of birth, infants recognize their caregivers by ____, _____ and smell. Sensory and caregiver memories are apparent in the first ____, motor memories by _____ and then complex memories by _____ months. The lack of _____ skills of babies and toddlers limits their ability to represent events mentally when they're older.

Answer 27

cognitive, thoughts, reactions, underestimated , voice, face, month, 3 months, 9 months, linguistic

Question 28

Language during infancy develops without formal _____ and appears to follow a very similar pattern in children from vastly different ___ and ____. There is a critical ____ for language, as it is maximal early in life. As people age, the ease with which they acquire and master new languages ______. Children begin to learn language ___ ____. Babies are attuned to the languages being used around them and show preferences for videos of ______ that are moving in synchrony with audio of spoken language.

Answer 28

instruction, cultures, backgrounds, period, diminishes, before birth, faces

Question 29

Infants younger than ____ months begin to vocalize, _____, and ____, which can serve as a source of entertainment to an infant. _____, which starts with vowel sounds, is a ____ for vocalization. By 6-9 months, infants begin making even ore elaborate vocalizations that include the sounds required for ______. Babies ____ certain sounds, make _____ sounds, and _____. At around ____ months of age, most infants can understand more than they can _____

Answer 29

6, coo, gurgle, cooing, precursor, language, repeat, guttural, clicks, 10, say

Question 30

At birth, infants exhibit 2 emotional responses: ___ to pleasant situations that bring comfort, stimulation and ____, and ____ from unpleasant stimulation such as bitter flavour or physical discomfort. At ____ months, infants exhibit social engagement in the form of social _____ as they respond with smiles to those who engage in their favourable ______. Pleasure is expressed as _____ at _____ of age, and displeasure becomes more specific to ___, _____ or _____ (usually triggered by frustration) between ages _____ months.

Answer 30

attraction, pleasure, withdrawal, 2, smile, attention, laughter, 305, fear, sadness, anger, 6-8

Question 31

Anger is a healthy response to _____. Sadness, which appears in the first ____, usually indicates _____. Some suggest that infants may experience ____ as young as ______ of age. Throughout infancy, children rely heavily on their caregivers for ____ ____ (co-regulation), resulting in both parents and _____ both modifying their reactions to each other based on the cues from the other.

Answer 31

frustration, months, withdrawal, jealousy, 6, emotional regulation, children

Question 32

______ ____ is an indication of brain ____ and increased ____ abilities. As an infant's memory develops, they are able to separate the people that they know from the people that they do not.

Answer 32

stranger wariness, development, cognitive

Question 33

____ ____ also indicates cognitive advance, and is universal across cultures. It typically begins around ____ months, peaks by ____ months, then decreases

Answer 33

separation anxiety, 7-8, 14

Question 34

changes that are elicited by activated emotions

Answer 34

emotions as regulating

Question 35

process through which the activated emotion is itself changed by deliberate actions taken by the self or others

Answer 35

emotions as regulated

Question 36

Caregivers remain essential for the emotional development and ____ of their children. ______ a child's emotions, prompting thoughts about emotion, continuing to provide alternate ______/_______, suggesting ____ strategies and modelling them are important approaches. Caregivers who use these and respond ____ to children's emotions tend to have children who are more likely to express _____ emotions, easier to ____ more engaged in explorations of the world around them, and have enhanced ___ ___ in toddler and preschool years

Answer 36

socialization, labelling, activities/distractions, coping, sensitive, positive, soothe, social skills

Question 37

During the ____ year of life, children begin to recognize themselves as they gain a sense of self as an object.

Answer 37

second

Question 38

the realization that one's body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people

Answer 38

self awareness

Question 39

when infants are able to differentiate the self from non self; they root significantly less from self stimulation

Answer 39

differentiation (birth)

Question 40

infants at this stage can situate themselves in relation to a model, can imitate tongue orientation, and bring themselves into contact with objects by reaching for them

Answer 40

situation (2 months)

Question 41

infants can identify themselves through the rouge test and begin to use language to refer to themselves

Answer 41

identification (2 years)

Question 42

Occurs after infancy when children are aware that their sense of self continues to exist across both time and space

Answer 42

permanence

Question 43

final stage in which children can see themselves in third person, or how they are perceived by others; shame, empathy, guilt etc.

Answer 43

self consciousness

Question 44

_____ month olds cannot figure out the shopping card problem, but ______ months can

Answer 44

14/15/16, 18

Question 45

Preschool years are between ____ years, indicate a period of rapid ____ and ____ development.

Answer 45

2-6, growth, language

Question 46

many preschool children take a daytime nap until ____ years then sleep between ______ hours at night

Answer 46

4-5, 11-13

Question 47

The brain is about ____ of its adult weight by 2 years. By ___ years, it is at ____% of its adult weight. Between ages _____, the left hemisphere which tends to lag behind during the first 3 years of life, increases in ____ which correlate with the burst in language skills during this time period

Answer 47

75%, 6, 95, 3-6, language

Question 48

the growth rate is ____ than that of infancy and is accompanied by a reduced ______ between the ages of ____. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the development of poor _____ habits

Answer 48

slower, appetite, 2-6, eating

Question 49

During early childhood, children tend to lose some of their ______ fat, making them more like a child as they progress. By ______ years, the torso has lengthened and body proportions have become more like those of adults

Answer 49

baby, 6

Question 50

by ____ years, children will have all 20 of their _____ teeth by ___ years, may have _____ vision

Answer 50

3, pimary, 4, 20/20

Question 51

Fine motor skills are refined through ____ in activities such as pouring water. It continues to develop in _____ childhood, but for preschoolers, the type of play that deliberately involves these skills is _____

Answer 51

practice, middle, emphasized

Question 52

At age ___ drawings are not refined, but continue to be throughout childhood

Answer 52

3

Question 53

The preschool years are a time when children are especially attached to _____ _____ motion and sometimes accompanying song.

Answer 53

gross motor

Question 54

Children between the ages of ____ years tend to grow ____ in height each year and gain about ______kg in weight each year. The average 6 year old weighs about ____kg and is about ___cm in height

Answer 54

2-6, 7cm, 1.8-2.25, 20, 116

Question 55

Early childhood is a time of _____, blending ___ and ____, and learning to think about the world using language. As young children move away from needing to _____, ____ and hear about the world toward basic principles about how the world works, they hold some pretty interesting initial ideas and _____. Concepts such as ______, ____ and size and distance are not easy to grasp.

Answer 55

pretending, fact, function, touch, feel, worries, tomorrow, time

Question 56

a stage of piaget between ages 2-7 which consists of pretend play, egocentrism, and cognition errors

Answer 56

preoperational stage

Question 57

when a toy has qualities beyond the way it was designed to function and can now be used to stand for a character or object unlike anything originally intended

Answer 57

pretend play

Question 58

the tendency of preschool age children to think that everyone sees things the same way as the child

Answer 58

egocentrism

Question 59

when children have a vast amount knowledge but are unaware of how they acquired it, leading to increase in curiosity and questions

Answer 59

intuitive substage

Question 60

A child's vocabulary expands between the ages of ____ from about 200 to over ____ through ______ _____. Words are easily learned by making connections between ____ words and concepts already known. The parts of speech that are learned depend on the language and what is ______. Children can repeat words and phrases after having heard them only once or twice, but they do not always understand the _____. This is especially true of ________ _____ _____.

Answer 60

2-6, 10,000, fast mapping, new, emphasized, meaning, figures of speech

Question 61

Children speaking ______ languages such as Chinese and Japanese tend to learn verbs more readily, but those learning _____ need more assistance to master grammar. often when learning language intuitively, children may apply rules ______ at first

Answer 61

verb-friendly, English, inappropriately

Question 62

When children misuse a verb ending or grammar rule because it intuitively makes sense

Answer 62

over regularization

Question 63

As children learn to think in words, they do so aloud before eventually engaging in inner speech

Answer 63

private speech

Question 64

A child who arrives at the beginning of school has heard 30 million words more if they come from a higher income family vs a low income family

Answer 64

30 million word gap

Question 65

The number of conversational turns correlate with _____ ___ activation

Answer 65

broca's area

Question 66

In the beginning, children selfishly engage in the world with the goal to ____ the self. As the child grows, they realize that relationships are built on _______. They begin to ____, make friends and develop an understanding of emotion by ______ years. They understand how to control emotions to the point where they may put on a different emotion than what they are feeling. They understand that others have emotions and that all of the emotions involved in the situation should be _____, but are not always good at putting this knowledge into action

Answer 66

please, give-and-take, empathize, 6, considered

Question 67

the suggestion that our self concept comes from looking at how others respond to us and seem to view us

Answer 67

looking glass self

Question 68

we do not always interpret people's response to us ______, so our self concept is not simply a ____ reflection of the views of others. After forming an initial self concept, we may use it to ____ out responses that do not seem to fit our ideas of who we are. The process of the looking glass self is the most pronounced during the _____ period of development

Answer 68

accurately, mirror, filter, preschool

Question 69

George herbert Mead suggested an ____ which is not concerned with how others view us and the ____ or the social definition of who we are

Answer 69

I, Me

Question 70

Preschoolers often like to ____ their own qualities or to seek validation as the biggest or smartest kid. Children do not understand their own ____, but eventually learn to _____ themselves to others.

Answer 70

exaggerate, limits, compare

Question 71

self control on the ____ task resulted in _____, _____ kids with higher _____ scores. While no waiting resulted in _____, ____ and ___ children

Answer 71

marshmallow, confident, self-reliant, SAT, frustrated, indecisive, disorganized

Question 72

______ year olds can identify some differences between girls and boys, but preschoolers become more interested in what it _____. Gender identify is followed sometime later with gender ____. Children are aware of gender roles by age ____. At ____ years, most children are firmly entrenched in culturally appropriate ___ _____, through _____. 4-5 year olds base their estimate of sex on gender-stereotyped activities and ______. Children who have the chance to ______ tend to have broader definitions of what is gender appropriate

Answer 72

2, means, constancy, 2-3, 4-5, gender roles, socialization, occupations, explore

Question 73

the understanding that superficial changes do not mean that gender has actually changed

Answer 73

gender constancy

Question 74

Children observe messages about gender from adults' appearances, activities, and behaviours, and are shaped by the child's gender

Answer 74

infancy

Question 75

toddlers begin to define gender using messages from many sources as they develop a sense of self and understand group belonging

Answer 75

18-24 months

Question 76

gender identity takes on more meaning as children begin to focus on all kinds of differences; develop stronger rules and expectations for how each gender behaves and looks

Answer 76

3-4 years

Question 77

Children's thinking is rigid because they are not developmentally ready to think more deeply about the beliefs and values that many rules are based on

Answer 77

5-6 years

Question 78

Many gender portrayals in toy television commercials are _____ and _____. It is detrimental to children still developing _____. Girls toys focus on ________, ______, and ______ based skills. Boys toys promote ______, ____ and ____ skills. This may result in _______ men and women ratio in careers. These ads appeal to socially _____ desires and perpetuates society's constructs

Answer 78

restrictive, demeaning, identity, nurturing, domestic, appearance, sciences, imagination, spatial, disproportionate, constructed

Question 79

communications that pass between the child and parents such as eye contact or peekabo; is a healthy foundation for future development

Answer 79

serve and return interactions

Question 80

Meeting new people, studying for a test; healthy to prepare kids for future

Answer 80

stress

Question 81

abuse, neglect, parental addiction; results in damage of basic structures and risk for addiction and developmental issues

Answer 81

toxic stress

Question 82

basic emotional and social skills such as planning, paying attention and following rules, prioritizing tasks and managing tasks

Answer 82

executive function and self regulation

Question 83

The brain ______ development in all domains and lays the ______. It is built through _______ relationships.

Answer 83

orchestrates, foundation, responsive

Question 84

an infant is born with _______ brain cells and only some will be ____ while others will be _______ (_____). This a natural process that happens most rapidly in ______ ____, then continues on more slowly into adolescence

Answer 84

100 billion, strengthened, discarded, pruning, early childhood

Question 85

Construction of neural pathways is very active in the early ____ and ___ of life. The pathways that are not used are ____ or _____, while the ones that are are ______.

Answer 85

months, years, discarded, pruned, strengthened

Question 86

experience shapes brain architecture

Answer 86

experienced based brain development

Question 87

early development influences later development

Answer 87

long reach of early childhood

Question 88

the brain has the capacity to change in response to experience through the lifespan

Answer 88

brain plasticity

Question 89

_____ can have a negative impact on developing brains

Answer 89

poverty

Question 90

care that responds to a child's own cues and signals, recognizes both a child's physical and emotional needs and limits, and promotes a child's social and emotional development

Answer 90

responsive care

Question 91

Through serve and return, new ____ connections form in the brain when babies ____ and ____. Helps develop ____ and cognitive skills children need in life.

Answer 91

neural, babble, respond, social

Question 92

Sibling relationships are likely to last ____ than any other relationship in one's lifetime. Relatively little _____ is given to siblings and impact on development, although there is a shift in research from examining ____ to _______. approximately ____% of children in N. America have siblings

Answer 92

longer, attention, structure, process, 80

Question 93

sibling relationships are _____ charged, defined by time spent ____, there are large differences in the ____ of relations, and age differences create issues of ____ and ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 93

emotionally, together, quality, control, power, jealousy, rivalry

Question 94

Children compete for parental _____

Answer 94

resources

Question 95

first born children are more likely to engage in _____, more self-discipline, and have a _____ IQ advantage. They are usually goal setting, _______, and rule keeping. They get a lot of ____ and attention because they go through milestones first

Answer 95

leadership, 3, responsible, focus

Question 96

Second born children are more likely to be a ____ elicit care and help, and are more _____, and ______.

Answer 96

learners, extroverted, lighthearted

Question 97

siblings between ages ____ have on average ____ conflicts per hour

Answer 97

3-7, 3.5

Question 98

period of trust, security and attachment

Answer 98

0-2 years

Question 99

period of language and autonomy

Answer 99

3-5 years

Question 100

period of rational and abstract thinking, confidence, problem solving, social skills and individual interests

Answer 100

5+ years

Question 101

If there is a significant age difference, the older sibling may understand the differences in ____, whereas -___ year differences may result in conflict due to hyperfocus on ______

Answer 101

stages, 1-2, comparison

Question 102

family dynamics

Answer 102

1. parents' co parenting skills 2. how parents handle stress 3. structure and consistency, 4. parental power and the role of empathy and authority

Question 103

Factors that affect siblings and early childhood

Answer 103

1. individual traits (temperament, birth order), 2. developmental period, 3. family dynamics, 4. child's disposition toward siblings

Question 104

competition or conflict between children being raised in the same family

Answer 104

sibling rivalry

Question 105

sibling rivalry is a ___ part of growing up that will impact how they learn to ____ problems. It can occur when children compete for caregiver's attention, being at very different _____ ______, or just having different personalities/-_______. Most common with brothers and sisters of the same ____ and when children are less than ____ years apart. Often is about fighting about an _____, ____, demanding _____ and feeling a lack of it to their own needs

Answer 105

natural, resolve, developmental stages, temperaments, gender, 2, object, tattling, attention

Question 106

healthy sibling relationships promote _____, _____ behaviour, and academic ______. Children with a sibling tend to be more interactive at ____ and with friends. Younger children learn faster by _____ their siblings. They develop the concept of ______ and are found to be less ______. Learning from each others' ______ and working as a team while playing helps children with siblings in other areas of development. Children who have siblings tend to share their ____ and seek solutions. Can be an antidote to loneliness, and help with long term support with care of ____ ____.

Answer 106

empathy, prosocial, achievement, home, observing, sharing, jealous, mistakes, emotions, elderly parents

Question 107

Not having a sibling promotes strong relationship with the _____, in ____ situations. It also results in parents' full _____, ____ and number of words spoken to and a rich inner and outer life

Answer 107

self, social, time, energy