Quiz 2 pt. 1 Flashcards
Infancy is an important part of significant _____, ______ and _____ development. Babies learn to ____ and walk, manipulate _____, and use sounds to ______.
growth, coordination, cognitive, stand, objects, communicate
By ___ months, a baby doubles in birth weight. By a year, the baby ______ in birth weight. By _____ years, the baby quadruples in birth weight
4, triples, 2
Infancy is tricky to study because infants cannot communicate all of their ____ _____
developmental experiences
the average birth weight for babies is ______kg, although between 2.5kg - ______kg is considered normal
3.5, 4.5`
Vision is the most poorly developed sense at birth. Newborns typically cannot see further than a brief distance away from their _____, have difficulty keeping a ______ object within their gaze, and can detect _____ more than colour differences. By _____ months they seek more detail when visually exploring an object and begin showing preferences for _____ over familiar images, ____ over solids, and ____ over patterns, and _____ objects over flat images. At _____ of age, they can sense depth as _____ vision, and by ____ months, they can perceive depth in pictures
faces, moving, contrast, 2-3, unfamiliar, patterns, faces, 3D, 2, binocular, 6
The infant’s head will grow at its fastest rate during the first _____ months after birth than at any other time, due to rapid ____ growth. The average head circumference at birth is ______cm. and by 1 month it increasese to _____cm. The head initially makes up _____% of a person’s entire length when developing in the womb, while at birth, the head makes up ____ of a person’s length. In adulthood, the head makes up _____% of the person’s length
4, brain, 34, 38, 50, 25, 15
The infant’s sense of hearing is very ____ at birth, this ability is evidenced as soon as the ____ month of prenatal development. An infant can distinguish between very similar sounds as early as _____ after birth and can distinguish between a _____ and unfamiliar voice even earlier. Babies who are just a few _____ old prefer ____ voices, and they will listen to these voices longer than sounds that do not involve _____. They also prefer their mom’s voice over a ______ voice
keen, 5th, 1 month, familiar, days, human, speech, stranger’s
Newborns often lose around ____g in the first 4-5 days after birth but regain it by about _______ days of age. In the first month, the typically newborn gains ______g a day.
230, 10-12, 20
Often measurements for weight are expressed as a _______ from 0-100, comparing each baby to other babies of the same _____. This allows for early _________. If an average baby moves from the ____th percentile to the ______th, this could be a sign of failure to thrive
percentile, age, alert, 50, 20
Newborns can distinguish between _____, _____, _____ and ____ flavours and show a preference for _____ flavours. They can also distinguish their _____ scent, and prefer it. A newborn placed on the mother’s chest will inch up to the breast as if it was a potent source of the maternal _____. Even on the first day of life, infants orient to their mother’s odour, and are _____ when crying by it
salty, sour, bitter, sweet, sweet, mother’s, odour, soothed
Infants ____ years of age sleep an average of ____ hours a day, although this changes and develops gradually throughout an infant’s life. For the first _____ months, newborns sleep between ______ hours a day, then they become increasingly alert for longer periods of time. ____ of infant’s sleep is ______ sleep and infants often begin their sleep cycle with it rather than non-REM sleep. They also move more ____ through the sleep cycle than adults
0-2, 12.8, 3, 14-17, 50%, REM, quickly
Immediately after birth, a newborn is sensitive to ____, _____ and _____. They respond with crying and ______ responses. Newborns who are circumcised without _____ experience pain as demonstrated by increased ______ ____, ____ ____, and decreased ___ in the blood and a surge of _____ hormones.
touch, temperature, pain, cardiovascular, anesthesia, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen, stress
The sense of touch is ______ in infants and is essential to a baby’s growth of _____ _____, language and ______ skills, and ________ competency. Touch not only impacts short term development during infancy and early childhood, but also has long term effects, suggesting the power of positive, ______ touch from birth
acute, physical abilities, cognitive, socio-emotional, gentle
The average length of full term babies at birth is _____cm, although the normal range is _______. In the first month, babies typically grow ______cm.
51, 46-56, 4-5
Every basic motor skill develops over the first _____ years of life. The sequence of motor skill begins with ____ or _____ movement in response to stimulation and some are necessary for _____. there is the ____ reflex, ____ _____ and ____, needed to maintain an oxygen supply, _____, _____, which maintain body temperature, the ____ reflex, and the _____ reflex
2, reflexes, involuntary, survival, breathing, hiccups, sneezing, thrashing, crying, shivering, sucking,rooting
reflex to turn toward any object that touches the cheek (which manages feeding)
rooting reflex
____ ____ is considered the ideal diet for newborns due to the nutritional makeup of the ______ and subsequent breastmilk production. Breast milk changes by the _____ day after birth, becoming much ____, but containing the right amount of ___, ____, _____ and proteins to support overall physical and _____ development. Women in Canada are more likely to breastfeed than those in the _____, and is recommended in Canada until ____ years of age. Prices for a month’s worth of formula can range from _____
breast milk, colostrum, 3-5, thinner, sugar, fats, water, neurological, US, 2, 100-500
There are occasions when mothers may be unable to breastfeed babies, often for a variety of health, social and _______ reasons. For example, when the biological mother has a ____ _____, when the mother takes any ______ harmful to the baby, when the infant was born or adopted by a family with two ______ and the mother does not breastfeed, when the mother does not produce enough ______, and when it simply does not work for the mom and baby
emotional, transmittable disease, medication, fathers, breastmilk
the substage of piaget which is based on direct, physical contact, use of senses and motor skills to taste, feel and hear and move to learn about their world
sensorimotor stage
First substage (birth - 1 month)
- neonates/newborns 2. reflexive movements (sucking, grasping, orienting) 3. random and inflexible
second substage (1-4 months)
- sensorimotor schemes (refined, greater range of actions 2. primary circulation reactions (habitual utterances, sucking thumb, 3. exploratory
third substage (4-8 months)
- secondary circular reactions (repetition, dropping/throwing, cooing, etc.), 2. learn that they are separate from the world, 3. actions are not intentional
fourth substage (8-12 months)
- intentional, goal oriented behaviour, 2. coordinating schemes, 3. object permanence, 4. make a not b error
fifth substage (12-18 months)
- tertiary circular reactions (experimenting, searching), 2. solve A not B error
sixth substage (18-24 months)
- solve advanced object permanence problems, 2. make believe play, 3. deferred imitation
Object permanence is a critical milestone in the sensorimotor period according to _____. It is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it continues to _____. Piaget believed ____ months is when babies first understand the concept, but research has suggested as young as ______ months. When infants are surprised at an impossible event, they look longer. As young as _____ months, babies look longer at impossible events of object permanence
Piaget, exist, 8, 4, 3.5
Memory is central to _____ development, Our memories form the basis for our sense of self, guide our ___ and decisions, influence our emotional _____, and allow us to learn. It is thought that Piaget _____ memory ability in infants. Within the first weeks of birth, infants recognize their caregivers by ____, _____ and smell. Sensory and caregiver memories are apparent in the first ____, motor memories by _____ and then complex memories by _____ months. The lack of _____ skills of babies and toddlers limits their ability to represent events mentally when they’re older.
cognitive, thoughts, reactions, underestimated , voice, face, month, 3 months, 9 months, linguistic
Language during infancy develops without formal _____ and appears to follow a very similar pattern in children from vastly different ___ and ____. There is a critical ____ for language, as it is maximal early in life. As people age, the ease with which they acquire and master new languages ______. Children begin to learn language ___ ____. Babies are attuned to the languages being used around them and show preferences for videos of ______ that are moving in synchrony with audio of spoken language.
instruction, cultures, backgrounds, period, diminishes, before birth, faces
Infants younger than ____ months begin to vocalize, _____, and ____, which can serve as a source of entertainment to an infant. _____, which starts with vowel sounds, is a ____ for vocalization. By 6-9 months, infants begin making even ore elaborate vocalizations that include the sounds required for ______. Babies ____ certain sounds, make _____ sounds, and _____. At around ____ months of age, most infants can understand more than they can _____
6, coo, gurgle, cooing, precursor, language, repeat, guttural, clicks, 10, say
At birth, infants exhibit 2 emotional responses: ___ to pleasant situations that bring comfort, stimulation and ____, and ____ from unpleasant stimulation such as bitter flavour or physical discomfort. At ____ months, infants exhibit social engagement in the form of social _____ as they respond with smiles to those who engage in their favourable ______. Pleasure is expressed as _____ at _____ of age, and displeasure becomes more specific to ___, _____ or _____ (usually triggered by frustration) between ages _____ months.
attraction, pleasure, withdrawal, 2, smile, attention, laughter, 305, fear, sadness, anger, 6-8
Anger is a healthy response to _____. Sadness, which appears in the first ____, usually indicates _____. Some suggest that infants may experience ____ as young as ______ of age. Throughout infancy, children rely heavily on their caregivers for ____ ____ (co-regulation), resulting in both parents and _____ both modifying their reactions to each other based on the cues from the other.
frustration, months, withdrawal, jealousy, 6, emotional regulation, children
______ ____ is an indication of brain ____ and increased ____ abilities. As an infant’s memory develops, they are able to separate the people that they know from the people that they do not.
stranger wariness, development, cognitive
____ ____ also indicates cognitive advance, and is universal across cultures. It typically begins around ____ months, peaks by ____ months, then decreases
separation anxiety, 7-8, 14
changes that are elicited by activated emotions
emotions as regulating
process through which the activated emotion is itself changed by deliberate actions taken by the self or others
emotions as regulated
Caregivers remain essential for the emotional development and ____ of their children. ______ a child’s emotions, prompting thoughts about emotion, continuing to provide alternate ______/_______, suggesting ____ strategies and modelling them are important approaches. Caregivers who use these and respond ____ to children’s emotions tend to have children who are more likely to express _____ emotions, easier to ____ more engaged in explorations of the world around them, and have enhanced ___ ___ in toddler and preschool years
socialization, labelling, activities/distractions, coping, sensitive, positive, soothe, social skills
During the ____ year of life, children begin to recognize themselves as they gain a sense of self as an object.
second
the realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people
self awareness
when infants are able to differentiate the self from non self; they root significantly less from self stimulation
differentiation (birth)
infants at this stage can situate themselves in relation to a model, can imitate tongue orientation, and bring themselves into contact with objects by reaching for them
situation (2 months)
infants can identify themselves through the rouge test and begin to use language to refer to themselves
identification (2 years)
Occurs after infancy when children are aware that their sense of self continues to exist across both time and space
permanence
