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Anatomy 1 > Quiz 3: Lecture 7-8 Nervous System > Flashcards

Quiz 3: Lecture 7-8 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System? What structures are apart of it?

A

The central nervous system

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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2
Q

The PNS is broken into two subdivisions. Name them and their function.

A

Somatic and Autonomic

Somatic (voluntary):
- Sensation from skin and joints
- Motor to skeletal muscle

Autonomic (involuntary):
- Sensation and motor to smooth muscle cardiac muscle, and glands

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3
Q

The autonomic division of the PNS is broken into 2 subdivisions. What are they?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • Responsible for “rest and digest”
  • Vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves provide parasympathetic innervation
  • Synapses on the organ wall
  • DOES NOT USE SYMPATHETIC CHAIN
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5
Q

The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to which organs + regions?

A

Heart, lungs, foregut, midgut

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6
Q

The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate where? What does it innervate?

A
  • S2-S4
  • innervates the hindgut
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7
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • Responsible for “fight or flight”
  • Synapses in sympathetic chain (short preganglionic, long postganglionic)
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8
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

Brings info to the CNS

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9
Q

Explain the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntarily controls skeletal muscle movement

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10
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Sensory (ascending signal sending information to the brain)

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11
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

Motor (descending signal telling something in the body what to do)

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12
Q

Dorsal horn/rami is for what type of signals

A

Sensory signals (somatic)

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13
Q

Lateral horn is used for what type of signals?

A

Used for autonomic nervous system signals

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14
Q

What is the ventral horn/rami used for?

A

Motor signals (somatic)

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15
Q

Which structures are made of grey matter?

A

Spinal cord, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, neuronal cell bodies

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16
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic chain?

A

Paravertebral ganglia or sympathetic trunk

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17
Q

What is a ganglia/ganglion?

A

Cluster of cell bodies found throughout the body

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18
Q

What is an ascending pathway? How many neurons does it have?

A

Ascending pathways are used for sensory signals, and have a chain of 3 neurons

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19
Q

What is a descending pathway? How many neurons?

A

Deliver motor instructions from brain to the spinal cord. Also has a chain of 2 neurons

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20
Q

Where does nerve c1 emerge from the spinal cord?

A

Between the skull and c1 vertebra

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21
Q

Where do nerves C2 to C7 emerge from spinal cord?

A

Superior to pedicles of their respective vertebrae

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22
Q

Where does the 8th cervical nerve emerge from the spinal cord?

A

Below C7

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23
Q

Where do T1 nerve and inferior nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

A

Inferior to the pedicle of their respective vertebrae

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24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

When one neuron transfers a signal to another neuron

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25
Q

Visceral sensation comes from __________________ fibers

A

Parasympathetic

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26
Q

Visceral pain comes from ________________ fibers

A

Sympathetic

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the white ramus/rami?

A

Brings preganglionic neurons to the sympathetic chain from the spinal nerve

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28
Q

What is the purpose of grey ramus/rami?

A

Brings postganglionic neurons from the sympathetic chain back to the spinal nerve

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29
Q

The dorsal root and ventral root connect to make the _________ nerve

A

Spinal

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30
Q

Which root has a ganglion? Dorsal or Ventral?

A

Dorsal

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31
Q

Why is there a lumbar and cervical enlargement in the spinal cord?

A

Because there are a lot more motor and sensory neurons to control those areas (arms and legs)

32
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? What is that place called?

A

L1/L2 (called the conus medullaris)

33
Q

What is the group of nerves called that exits the spinal cord and begin to branch off from one another?

A

Cauda Equina

34
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Covering of the spinal cord that extends all the way down to the coccyx

35
Q

What are meninges? What are the layers?

A

Layers that surround the spinal cord for protection
- outermost layer: dura mater
- middle layer: arachnoid mater
- innermost layer: pia mater

36
Q

What do denticulate ligaments do?

A

Provide lateral support that connects to the dura layering of spinal cord

37
Q

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

A
  • 1 Anterior spinal artery (from both the vertebral arteries)
  • 2 posterior spinal arteries (run posterior/lateral)
  • segmental spinal arteries (one at every level of vertebra)
38
Q

Which vessels drain venous blood from the spinal cord?

A

Subarachnoid veins (3 anterior vessels, 3 posterior vessels)

39
Q

The spinal cord “floats” in a liquid called…

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

40
Q

What do the anterior and posterior rami go to?

A

Anterior rami: to the lateral and anterior trunk + limbs

Posterior rami: muscles, joints, skin on back

41
Q

To somatically control the arms or legs, which rami is used?

A

Ventral rami

42
Q

To control back muscles, which rami is used?

A

Dorsal rami

43
Q

The central nervous system includes all of the following structures except…

Nuclei tracts, spinal cord, brain, ganglia

A

Ganglia

44
Q

The division of the nervous system that allows voluntary motor commands is the…

  • afferent, sensory receptors
  • afferent, somatic
  • efferent, somatic
  • efferent, autonomic
A

Efferent, somatic

45
Q

All of the following statements are false except

  • C8 nerve emerges above C7 vertebrae
  • C8 nerve emerges below C7 vertebrae
  • Cervical nerves emerge below their corresponding vertebrae
  • Thoracic nerves emerge above their corresponding vertebrae
A

C8 nerve emerges below C7 vertebrae

46
Q

All of the following are true except

  • preganglionic neurons innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
  • the autonomic nervous system always has a 2 motor neuron chain
  • there is only one somatic motor neuron from the CNS to the skeletal muscle it innervates
  • postganglionic cell bodies are located in the autonomic ganglia
A

Preganglionic neurons innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

47
Q

T or F? The thoracolumbar preganglionic cell bodies emerge from the lateral horn of T1-L2

A

True

48
Q

Parasympathetic afferent pathways give the CNS information on all of the following except…

  • ischemia
  • visceral reflexes
  • pain from viscera below the pelvic line
  • birth canal
A

Ischemia

49
Q

The cells bodies of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating the heart are located

  • In the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
  • In the sympathetic ganglia
  • Within the vagus nerve
  • Within the walls of the heart
A

Within the walls of the heart

50
Q

To innervate the lungs, pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse

  • Within the celiac ganglia
  • In the walls of the lungs
  • In the sympathetic chain
  • In the celiac ganglion
A

In the sympathetic chain

51
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers that provide innervation to the midgut come from

  • Greater splanchnic nerves
  • Lesser splanchnic nerves
  • Lumbar splanchnic nerves
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves
A

Lesser Splanchnic Nerves

52
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers within the sympathetic chain can

  • Ascend or descend within the trunk and synapse
  • Synapse at the same level
  • Pass through the sympathetic trunk
  • All of the above
A

All of the above

53
Q
  1. The innominate bone is made up of thee fused bones which meet at the
  • Acetabulum
  • Sacrum
  • Pubis
  • Ischium
A

Acetabulum

54
Q

The Levator ani muscles are made up of all of the following except

  • Puborectalis
  • Coccygeus
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Illiococcygeus
A

Coccygeus

55
Q
  1. The pudendal artery, with the pudendal nerve exits the ___ foramen and enters again through the ___ foramen.
  • Obturator, lesser sciatic
  • Greater sciatic, lesser sciatic
  • Greater sciatic, obturator
  • Lesser sciatic, greater sciatic
A

Greater Sciatic, Lesser Sciatic

56
Q

What do white ramus/rami do?

A

Bring neurons to the sympathetic chain from spinal nerve

57
Q

What do grey ramus/rami do?

A

Bring neurons back to the spinal nerve from the sympathetic chain

58
Q

❗️Where are postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies found? (foregut)

A

Celiac ganglia

59
Q

❗️Where are postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located? (midgut)

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion

60
Q

❗️Where are postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located? (hindgut)

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

61
Q

Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia…

  • provide motor Innervation to skeletal muscle fibers
  • provide motor Innervation to viscera
  • provide sensory Innervation to skin
  • send their axons to the ventral root
A

Provide sensory Innervation to skin

62
Q

Which of the following is innervated by the somatic nervous system?

  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
  • skeletal muscle
A

Skeletal muscle

63
Q

Which of the following is true regarding somatic lower motor neurons?

  • cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
  • cell bodies are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
  • cell bodies are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
  • their axons synapse on ganglia close to the muscles they innervate
A

Cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the lower spinal cord

64
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic system?

A

“Rest + Digest”

65
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic system?

A

“Fight or Flight”

66
Q

How many neurons from the CNS to its destination (somatic)?

A

1

67
Q

How many neurons from the CNS to its destination (autonomic)?

A

2

68
Q

Grey and white rami are ONLY used when signals are from what system?

A

Sympathetic

69
Q

Where are parasympathetic cell bodies located?

A

T12 - L1 (pelvic splanchnic nerves)

70
Q

Differentiate between the preganglionic and postganglionic length (parasympathetic / sympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic:
- long preganglionic
- short postganglionic

Sympathetic:
- short preganglionic
- long postganglionic

71
Q

_________________ are only from T1-L2 because that is where the sympathetics are

A

White rami

72
Q

Where are somatic upper motor neurons found?

A

Cerebral cortex

73
Q

Which of the following is true in regard to the autonomic Innervation of the lungs?

  • postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the pulmonary plexus
  • preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in the celiac ganglion
  • postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the paravertebral ganglion
  • postganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the paravertebral ganglion
  • preganglionic sympathetic fibers are carried in the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
A

postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the paravertebral ganglion

74
Q

The paravertebral ganglia contains cell bodies of

  • preganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • somatic motor neurons
  • preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

75
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the greater splanchnic nerve?

  • it contains preganglionic neurons traveling to the celiac ganglia
  • it provides parasympathetic Innervation to the foregut
  • it contains preganglionic neurons traveling from the celiac ganglia
  • it provides parasympathetic Innervation to the midgut
A

It contains preganglionic neurons traveling to the celiac ganglia

76
Q

All of the following are true regarding the sympathetic nervous system except

  • Preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic chain via the white rami
  • preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord from S2-S4
  • postganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic chain via the grey rami
  • preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord from T1 to L2
A

preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord from S2-S4

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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