Quiz 1: Lecture 1-3 Flashcards
What structure is located immediately posterior to the vertebral body in a typical vertebrae?
1.) Lamina
2.) Pedicle
3.) Transverse process
4.) Superior articular process
5.) Inferior articular process
Pedicle
Which structure passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
1.) Spinal Cord
2.) Spinal Nerve
3.) Vertebral Artery
4.) Subclavian Artery
5.) Intertransverse Ligament
Vertebral Artery
All of the following are plane joints except…?
1.) Costovertebral
2.) Costotransverse
3.) Interchondral
4.) Costochondral
Costochondral
The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the…?
1.) Thoracic aorta
2.) Internal thoracic artery
3.) Subclavian artery
4.) Spinal artery
Internal thoracic artery
Flexion/Extension move in the sagittal plane around a _______/________ axis
Medial/Lateral
Abduction/Adduction moves in the frontal plane around a ___________/_________ axis
Anterior/Posterior
Internal/External rotation moves in the transverse plane around a _______________ axis
Longitudinal
Circumduction is a combination of
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Place joint types in order of most motion to least motion
-fibrous
-synovial
-Cartilaginous
Synovial (ex: shoulder), Cartilaginous (ex: ribs), Fibrous (fused bones of the pelvis)
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Act as a joint lubricant, nourish cartilage
List the 6 types of synovial joints
Plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
The elbow, ankle, and knee are examples of what type of joint?
Hinge joint
List an example of a pivot joint
Atlas rotating on the dens (part of bone that sticks up on the axis
Atlas: C1
Axis: C2
What are condyloid joints?
A joint that allows movement around two axes (abduction/adduction and flexion/extension)
Ex: wrist joint
Ribs 8-10 are _________ ribs, ribs 11-12 are ____________ ribs, ribs 1-7 are _________ ribs
False, floating, true
What does the typical thoracic vertebrae look like?
- 12 total
- Heart shaped body
- medium sized body
Differentiate between external and internal intercostal muscle fiber orientation
External: superior/lateral to inferior/medial (like putting your hands into pockets) (MOVES RIBS SUPERIORLY WHILE INHALING)
Internal: superior/medial to inferior/lateral (MOVES RIBS INFERIORLY WHILE EXHALING)
Which nerve(s) innervate the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves
Which muscle is attached to the posterior portion of the rib cage and what is its function?
Transversus thoracis, depress ribs
What are the names of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries?
Anterior: internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic
Posterior: thoracic aorta
Where is the linea alba?
Midline of abdomen (thin strand of connective tissue that bisects right and left parts of abdomen)
What does the external oblique do, and where does it insert?
- Contralateral rotation
- Ipsilateral side bend
- trunk flexion
- linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest
What does the internal oblique do and where does it insert?
- Ipsilateral rotation
- Ipsilateral side bend
- Trunk flexion
- Inserts in the Linea alba, pubic crest, lower 3-4 ribs
When refering to the transverse abdominis (TA), what does the muscle fiber orientation look like and where does it originate/insert?
- Transverse muscle fibers
Originates: lower 6 ribs
Inserts: linea alba, pubic crest
How many vertebrae are in the spine? What does the distribution look like?
33 total
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral (fused together in adults)
- 4 coccygeal (fused together in adults)
What is the main opening between a typical vertebrae called?
Vertebral foramen
(Note: foramen means “a small opening”)
Describe the lamina
The connection between the spinous processes and transverse processes (posterior to body, and resembles the pedicle in terms of shape and function)
What is another word for “joint”
Articulation
What main structure runs through the vertebral foramen (main opening between vertebrae)?
Spinal cord
In which direction do the spinous processes face?
Posterior and inferior
What are processes (transverse and spinous) used for?
Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
How are vertebrae connected?
Superior articular facet and inferior articular facet
Where is the intervertebral foramen located?
Between every two stacked vertbrae (can be viewed best when looking from a lateral perspective)
What is the first cervical vertebrae (C1) called?
Atlas
What is the second cervical vertebrae (C2) called?
Axis
What passes through the transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery (branches off of the subclavian artery)
Note: subclavian artery is bilateral and goes up and out to the clavicles from the heart, then curves down into each arm
Describe the lumbar vertebrae
Large, kidney-shaped body with short spinous process
What are dense bands that run from C2 to the sacrum via the anterior and posterior surface of the spine?
- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
(Anterior: From C1 to skull is called anterior Atlanta-occipital membrane)
(Posterior: From C1 to skull is called tectorial membrane)
What ligament runs from C7 to sacrum and connects to the spinous processes?
Supraspinous ligament
The supraspinous ligament turns into the __________ _______________ once it reaches the cervical vertebrae and attaches to the occiput
Nuchal ligament
What fills the void between two vertebrae?
Intervertebral discs
What are the two components of the intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
Describe the nucleus pulposus
- 80 to 90% water
- makes up the center of the discs
Describe the annulus fibrosus
- Makes up the “outer rings” of vertebral disc
- primarily made of collagen
Describe a disc protrusion
- very common
- also referred to as a “bulging disc”
- causes the inner contents of the disc (nucleus pulposus) to push out
Why do herniations most often happen posterior-laterally?
The posterior longitudinal ligament prevents it from going directly posterior
- the nucleus annulus is slightly posterior in relation to the vertebral body
- annulus fibrosus is weaker, and more thin in the posterior portion of the disc
What is a laminectomy?
- a surgical procedure that consists of cutting both the lamina in the vertebrae, which posteriorly exposes the spinal cord
- may be done due to pressure on the spinal nerves, or a disc injury
What are zygapophyseal joints?
Zygapophyseal joints, also referred to as facet joints, are synovial joints that connect the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
What does the word “cruciate” mean in regards to anatomy?
“Cross”
What is spondylolysis?
Spondylolisis refers to a fracture of the pars interarticularis
What is spondylolisthesis?
Spondylolisthesis refers to the anterior vertebral shift (typically L5)
(Most of the time due to the fracture of the pars interarticularis)
What is the bottom point of the sacrum called?
Apex
If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?
Rotate
If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?
Rotate
Explain superficial back muscles and list the nerve that innervates it
- They attach to the clavicle/humerus/scap
- Innervated by peripheral nerves and the ventral rami
The intermediate back muscles are innervated by what nerve(s)?
Intercostal nerves
Which nerve innervates the deep back muscles?
Posterior/dorsal rami
Where does the splenius capitis originate and insert?
Originates: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T4
Inserts: Mastoid process
Where does the splenius cervicis originate and insert?
Originates: spinous processes of T3 to T6
Inserts: Transverse process of C1 to C3
Where does the iliocostalis originate and insert?
Originates: iliac crest and lumbar fascia
Inserts: Transverse processes of C4 to C6
Where does the longissimus muscle originate and insert?
Originates: Iliac crest and lumbar fascia
Inserts: Cervical transverse processes, mastoid
Where does the spinalis originate and insert?
Originates: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic
Inserts: Spinous processes of upper thoracic and lower cervical
Where is the rectus capitis posterior major?
Runs from C2 to occiput (medial diagonal part of the sub occipital triangle)
Where is the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Superior and medial to rectus capitis posterior major
Where is the obliquus capitis superior located?
Runs from the lateral end of obliquus capitis to occiput (makes up lateral part of sub occipital triangle)
Where is the obliquus capitis inferior located?
Runs perpendicular to the spine (makes the bottom part of the triangle)
❗️❗️Superficial back muscles are innervated by which nerve? ❗️❗️
Ventral rami
❗️❗️Intermediate back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️
Intercostal nerves
❗️❗️Deep back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️
Dorsal Rami
What nerve innervates the sub-occipital triangle?
Sub-occipital nerve
What is the function of external obliques and where does it originate and insert?
Contralateral rotation, ipsilateral side bend, trunk flexion. Innervated by the ventral rami
Originates: ribs 5 through 12
Inserts: linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest
Which 3 muscles make up the erector spinae?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
Where does the anterior scalene originate and insert? What is its function?
Originate: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3 to C6
Inserts: inner border of the first rib via a narrow, flat tendon
Function: ipsilateral side bend, neck flexion if worked bilaterally
Where does the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) originate and insert? What is its function?
The answer is basically in the name
Originates: mastoid process
Inserts: clavicle and sternum
Function: lateral flexion (side bend), flexion, contralateral rotation
Ligamentum flavum is located where?
Lines the posterior part of vertebral foramen
Which spinal ligament limits trunk flexion?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Which spinal ligament prevents extension?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What is a herniated disc?
When the disc leaks the nucleus pulposus
