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Anatomy 1 > Quiz 1: Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

Quiz 1: Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is located immediately posterior to the vertebral body in a typical vertebrae?

1.) Lamina

2.) Pedicle

3.) Transverse process

4.) Superior articular process

5.) Inferior articular process

A

Pedicle

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2
Q

Which structure passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

1.) Spinal Cord

2.) Spinal Nerve

3.) Vertebral Artery

4.) Subclavian Artery

5.) Intertransverse Ligament

A

Vertebral Artery

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3
Q

All of the following are plane joints except…?

1.) Costovertebral

2.) Costotransverse

3.) Interchondral

4.) Costochondral

A

Costochondral

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4
Q

The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the…?

1.) Thoracic aorta

2.) Internal thoracic artery

3.) Subclavian artery

4.) Spinal artery

A

Internal thoracic artery

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5
Q

Flexion/Extension move in the sagittal plane around a _______/________ axis

A

Medial/Lateral

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6
Q

Abduction/Adduction moves in the frontal plane around a ___________/_________ axis

A

Anterior/Posterior

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7
Q

Internal/External rotation moves in the transverse plane around a _______________ axis

A

Longitudinal

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8
Q

Circumduction is a combination of

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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9
Q

Place joint types in order of most motion to least motion

-fibrous
-synovial
-Cartilaginous

A

Synovial (ex: shoulder), Cartilaginous (ex: ribs), Fibrous (fused bones of the pelvis)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

Act as a joint lubricant, nourish cartilage

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11
Q

List the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

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12
Q

The elbow, ankle, and knee are examples of what type of joint?

A

Hinge joint

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13
Q

List an example of a pivot joint

A

Atlas rotating on the dens (part of bone that sticks up on the axis

Atlas: C1
Axis: C2

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14
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

A joint that allows movement around two axes (abduction/adduction and flexion/extension)

Ex: wrist joint

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15
Q

Ribs 8-10 are _________ ribs, ribs 11-12 are ____________ ribs, ribs 1-7 are _________ ribs

A

False, floating, true

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16
Q

What does the typical thoracic vertebrae look like?

A
  • 12 total
  • Heart shaped body
  • medium sized body
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17
Q

Differentiate between external and internal intercostal muscle fiber orientation

A

External: superior/lateral to inferior/medial (like putting your hands into pockets) (MOVES RIBS SUPERIORLY WHILE INHALING)

Internal: superior/medial to inferior/lateral (MOVES RIBS INFERIORLY WHILE EXHALING)

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18
Q

Which nerve(s) innervate the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

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19
Q

Which muscle is attached to the posterior portion of the rib cage and what is its function?

A

Transversus thoracis, depress ribs

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20
Q

What are the names of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries?

A

Anterior: internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic

Posterior: thoracic aorta

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21
Q

Where is the linea alba?

A

Midline of abdomen (thin strand of connective tissue that bisects right and left parts of abdomen)

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22
Q

What does the external oblique do, and where does it insert?

A
  • Contralateral rotation
  • Ipsilateral side bend
  • trunk flexion
  • linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest
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23
Q

What does the internal oblique do and where does it insert?

A
  • Ipsilateral rotation
  • Ipsilateral side bend
  • Trunk flexion
  • Inserts in the Linea alba, pubic crest, lower 3-4 ribs
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24
Q

When refering to the transverse abdominis (TA), what does the muscle fiber orientation look like and where does it originate/insert?

A
  • Transverse muscle fibers

Originates: lower 6 ribs
Inserts: linea alba, pubic crest

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25
Q

How many vertebrae are in the spine? What does the distribution look like?

A

33 total

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral (fused together in adults)
  • 4 coccygeal (fused together in adults)
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26
Q

What is the main opening between a typical vertebrae called?

A

Vertebral foramen

(Note: foramen means “a small opening”)

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27
Q

Describe the lamina

A

The connection between the spinous processes and transverse processes (posterior to body, and resembles the pedicle in terms of shape and function)

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28
Q

What is another word for “joint”

A

Articulation

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29
Q

What main structure runs through the vertebral foramen (main opening between vertebrae)?

A

Spinal cord

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30
Q

In which direction do the spinous processes face?

A

Posterior and inferior

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31
Q

What are processes (transverse and spinous) used for?

A

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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32
Q

How are vertebrae connected?

A

Superior articular facet and inferior articular facet

33
Q

Where is the intervertebral foramen located?

A

Between every two stacked vertbrae (can be viewed best when looking from a lateral perspective)

34
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae (C1) called?

A

Atlas

35
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae (C2) called?

A

Axis

36
Q

What passes through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery (branches off of the subclavian artery)

Note: subclavian artery is bilateral and goes up and out to the clavicles from the heart, then curves down into each arm

37
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

A

Large, kidney-shaped body with short spinous process

38
Q

What are dense bands that run from C2 to the sacrum via the anterior and posterior surface of the spine?

A
  • Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
  • Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)

(Anterior: From C1 to skull is called anterior Atlanta-occipital membrane)

(Posterior: From C1 to skull is called tectorial membrane)

39
Q

What ligament runs from C7 to sacrum and connects to the spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligament

40
Q

The supraspinous ligament turns into the __________ _______________ once it reaches the cervical vertebrae and attaches to the occiput

A

Nuchal ligament

41
Q

What fills the void between two vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

42
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

43
Q

Describe the nucleus pulposus

A
  • 80 to 90% water
  • makes up the center of the discs
44
Q

Describe the annulus fibrosus

A
  • Makes up the “outer rings” of vertebral disc
  • primarily made of collagen
45
Q

Describe a disc protrusion

A
  • very common
  • also referred to as a “bulging disc”
  • causes the inner contents of the disc (nucleus pulposus) to push out
46
Q

Why do herniations most often happen posterior-laterally?

A

The posterior longitudinal ligament prevents it from going directly posterior

  • the nucleus annulus is slightly posterior in relation to the vertebral body
  • annulus fibrosus is weaker, and more thin in the posterior portion of the disc
47
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A
  • a surgical procedure that consists of cutting both the lamina in the vertebrae, which posteriorly exposes the spinal cord
  • may be done due to pressure on the spinal nerves, or a disc injury
48
Q

What are zygapophyseal joints?

A

Zygapophyseal joints, also referred to as facet joints, are synovial joints that connect the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

49
Q

What does the word “cruciate” mean in regards to anatomy?

A

“Cross”

50
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Spondylolisis refers to a fracture of the pars interarticularis

51
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Spondylolisthesis refers to the anterior vertebral shift (typically L5)

(Most of the time due to the fracture of the pars interarticularis)

52
Q

What is the bottom point of the sacrum called?

A

Apex

53
Q

If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?

A

Rotate

54
Q

If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?

A

Rotate

55
Q

Explain superficial back muscles and list the nerve that innervates it

A
  • They attach to the clavicle/humerus/scap
  • Innervated by peripheral nerves and the ventral rami
56
Q

The intermediate back muscles are innervated by what nerve(s)?

A

Intercostal nerves

57
Q

Which nerve innervates the deep back muscles?

A

Posterior/dorsal rami

58
Q

Where does the splenius capitis originate and insert?

A

Originates: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T4

Inserts: Mastoid process

59
Q

Where does the splenius cervicis originate and insert?

A

Originates: spinous processes of T3 to T6

Inserts: Transverse process of C1 to C3

60
Q

Where does the iliocostalis originate and insert?

A

Originates: iliac crest and lumbar fascia

Inserts: Transverse processes of C4 to C6

61
Q

Where does the longissimus muscle originate and insert?

A

Originates: Iliac crest and lumbar fascia

Inserts: Cervical transverse processes, mastoid

62
Q

Where does the spinalis originate and insert?

A

Originates: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic

Inserts: Spinous processes of upper thoracic and lower cervical

63
Q

Where is the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Runs from C2 to occiput (medial diagonal part of the sub occipital triangle)

64
Q

Where is the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Superior and medial to rectus capitis posterior major

65
Q

Where is the obliquus capitis superior located?

A

Runs from the lateral end of obliquus capitis to occiput (makes up lateral part of sub occipital triangle)

66
Q

Where is the obliquus capitis inferior located?

A

Runs perpendicular to the spine (makes the bottom part of the triangle)

67
Q

❗️❗️Superficial back muscles are innervated by which nerve? ❗️❗️

A

Ventral rami

68
Q

❗️❗️Intermediate back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️

A

Intercostal nerves

69
Q

❗️❗️Deep back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️

A

Dorsal Rami

70
Q

What nerve innervates the sub-occipital triangle?

A

Sub-occipital nerve

71
Q

What is the function of external obliques and where does it originate and insert?

A

Contralateral rotation, ipsilateral side bend, trunk flexion. Innervated by the ventral rami

Originates: ribs 5 through 12

Inserts: linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest

72
Q

Which 3 muscles make up the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

73
Q

Where does the anterior scalene originate and insert? What is its function?

A

Originate: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3 to C6

Inserts: inner border of the first rib via a narrow, flat tendon

Function: ipsilateral side bend, neck flexion if worked bilaterally

74
Q

Where does the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) originate and insert? What is its function?

A

The answer is basically in the name

Originates: mastoid process
Inserts: clavicle and sternum

Function: lateral flexion (side bend), flexion, contralateral rotation

75
Q

Ligamentum flavum is located where?

A

Lines the posterior part of vertebral foramen

76
Q

Which spinal ligament limits trunk flexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

77
Q

Which spinal ligament prevents extension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

78
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

When the disc leaks the nucleus pulposus

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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