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Anatomy 1 > Midterm Exam: Lecture 10+11 (Study Other Decks Too) > Flashcards

Midterm Exam: Lecture 10+11 (Study Other Decks Too) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bones of the head that surround the brain

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2
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Facial bones between the nose, TMJ joints, and mental protuberance (chin)

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3
Q

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal (2)
  • occipital
  • temporal (2)
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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4
Q

Which nuerocranial bones make up the “calvaria roof”?

A

Frontal, parietal (2), occipital

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5
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium?

A
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
  • mandible
  • maxilla (2)
  • inferior nasal concha (2)
  • zygomatic (2)
  • palatine (2)
  • lacrimal (2)
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6
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Uncalcified (soft) regions after birth
- anterior (bregma)
- posterior (lambda)

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7
Q

What are the 3 sutures of the skull?

A
  • coronal (divides frontal bone from parietal bones)
  • sagittal (divides left and right parietal)
  • lambdoid (posterior skull)
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8
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN I (olfactory)

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9
Q

Which nerve goes through the optic canal?

A

CN II (optic)

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10
Q

Which nerves go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Cranial nerves III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), V1 ophthalmic of the trigeminal, VI (Abducent)

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11
Q

Which nerve goes through foremen rotundum?

A

CN V2 maxillary of trigeminal

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12
Q

Which nerve goes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 Mandibular of trigeminal

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13
Q

Which nerves go through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII (Facial) and VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

VII exits the skull via stylomastoid foramen

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14
Q

Which nerves go through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory)

And internal jugular vein

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15
Q

Which nerve goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

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16
Q

Which nerves go through the foramen magnum?

A

CN XI (Accessory)….. then goes out of the skull via the jugular foramen

Spinal cord, brainstem, vertebral artery

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17
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

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18
Q

What goes into the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery

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19
Q

What is the role of CN V1 (Ophthalmic)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the upper face

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20
Q

What is the role of CN V2 (Maxillary)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the middle face

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21
Q

What is the role of CN V3 (Mandibular)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the lower face

Also innervates the muscles of chewing (motor)

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22
Q

What is different about CN VII?

Which glands does CN VII (facial) innervate?

A

It provides parasympathetic innervation, special sensation (taste), and muscles of facial expression

Also innervates salivary glands, lacrimal glands

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23
Q

Explain the role of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A

Responsible for general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue (and taste), pharynx, palatine tonsils, external/middle ear

Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid gland

Does visceral sensory and motor

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24
Q

Explain the role of CN X (Vagus)

A

Innervates muscles of pharynx, taste to epiglottis, and general sensation to inferior part of pharynx, visceral motor (parasympathetic)

Damage to the vagus nerve may cause difficulty speaking and swallowing

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25
Q

Explain the role of CN XI (Accessory)

A

Somatic motor to trapezius and SCM

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26
Q

Explain the role of CN XII (Hypoglossal)

A

Somatic motor to intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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27
Q

Which nerve supplies the face?

A

CN V (Trigeminal)
- V1 (ophthalmic division)
- V2 (maxillary division)
- V3 (mandibular division)

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28
Q

If a tumor was present in the stylomastoid process, and the structure that passed through it was damaged, what would the symptoms be?

A

(CN VII: facial nerve) Paralysis of the muscles of facial expression

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29
Q

Your patient has a tumor compressing the nerve that passes through foramen ovale. What would you expect their symptoms to be?

A

(CN V1: mandibular of trigeminal) Decreased sensation over the chin

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30
Q

Describe the cervical plexus

A
  • A small plexus originating from the ventral rami of C1-C4 with some contribution from C5
  • contains 4 cutaneous nerves
  • contains the phrenic and ansa cervicalis
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31
Q

The cutaneous portion of the cervical plexus contains 4 nerves, what are they?

A

Lesser Occipital (C2)
- innervates the skin of neck and scalp, posterior to the ear

Great Auricular (C2/C3)
- innervates the ear region, particularly the parotid gland, and mastoid process

Transverse Cervical (C2/C3)
- innervates the lateral and anterior neck

Supraclavicular (C3/C4)
- innervates the clavicle and shoulder region

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32
Q

Describe the phrenic nerve

A

Motor and sensory

  • motor to diaphragm
  • sensory to pericardium, pleura
  • originates from anterior rami of C3-C5
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33
Q

Describe the ansa cervicalis

A

A loop of nerves from C2-3 (inferior), and C1 (superior)

  • Has motor branches that innervate the infrahyoid muscles
  • C1 blends with CN XII (Hypoglossal)
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34
Q

Name the veins of the neck

A
  • Retromandibular (posterior to ramus)
  • Facial (face)
  • External jugular (drains the entire head to bring venous blood back to the subclavian)
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35
Q

What does external jugular vein distention indicate?

A

Poor vascular return to the heart

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36
Q

What makes the border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline (anterior)
Mandible (superior)
SCM (posterior)

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37
Q

What makes the border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

SCM (anterior)
Clavicle (inferior)
Trapezius (posterior)

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38
Q

The hyoid bone divides the anterior neck into two regions. What are they?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid

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39
Q

The suprahyoid muscles are innervated by what?

A

Cranial nerves

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40
Q

The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by what?

A

Ansa cervicalis

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41
Q

What is the function of hyoid muscles?

A

Assists in swallowing, and can elevate the bone for speech purposes

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42
Q

The hyoid bone is controlled by which muscle? What can it do?

A

Digastric muscle (2 bellies)

  • hyoid can elevate when the jaw is in a fixed position
  • mandible can depress/retract when hyoid is in a fixed position
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43
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior digastric muscle?

A

CN VII (Facial)

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44
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior digastric muscle?

A

CN V3 (Mandibular of trigeminal)

45
Q

What is the stylohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from styloid process to hyoid bone
- innervated by CN VII (Facial)
- elevates hyoid

46
Q

What is the mylohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from mandible to hyoid
- innervated by CN V3 (Mandibular of trigeminal)
- elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed, depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed

47
Q

What is the geniohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from mandible to hyoid (deep to mylohyoid)

  • depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed, elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed
  • innervated my CN XII (Hypoglossal)
48
Q

Which muscles are considered “suprahyoids”?

A

Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid

49
Q

Which muscles are considered “infrahyoids”?

A

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

50
Q

What is the omohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from hyoid to superior border of the scapula

  • is superficial to internal jugular vein
51
Q

What is the thyrohyoid muscle?

A

Stabilizes and depresses the hyoid

  • if hyoid is fixed, it will elevate the larynx
52
Q

What is the sternothyroid muscle?

A

Not attached to hyoid and depresses larynx

53
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

54
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the neck and the face?

A

External carotid artery

55
Q

Name the branches of the external carotid artery

A

(SALFOPS Max)
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Maxillary artery

56
Q

Which artery supplies the tongue with blood?

A

Lingual artery

57
Q

Which artery supplies the face with blood?

A

Facial artery

58
Q

Which artery brings blood to the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal

59
Q

Which artery supplies the ear with blood?

A

Posterior Auricular artery

60
Q

Which artery supplies the superficial skull with blood?

A

Superficial temporal artery

61
Q

Which artery supplies the deep face with blood?

A

Maxillary artery

62
Q

Which major vessels of the neck run parallel to one another? Which nerve runs with them?

A

Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

The vagus nerve also runs with the vessels

63
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

CN XI (Spinal accessory)

64
Q

Which nerve innervates the larynx? Which artery supplies it with blood?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery

65
Q

Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve

66
Q

Which nerve provides sensation below the vocal cords and innervates all the muscles that help move the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

67
Q

Which nerve innervates the vocal cords?

A

Vagus nerve

68
Q

What is the role of the CN VII (facial nerve)?

A
  • innervates muscles of facial expression
  • Innervates glands (lacrimal, submandibular, salivary)
  • Provides taste and sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
69
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

An injury to CN VII (Facial) that causes
- paralysis of muscles that control facial expression (droopy face on one side)
- cornea can become vulnerable to injury
- can cause hyperacusis and affect taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)

70
Q

Which nerve goes through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve

71
Q

What is the function of the parotid gland? Innervation?

A

Supplies the mouth with saliva

Parasympathetically innervated by CN IX

72
Q

Which major vessels supply and drain the head?

A

Superficial temporal vein and artery (head), and the facial vein and artery (face)

73
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

Synovial joint also known as the “Temporal Mandibular joint” (junction between mandibular fossa and condyle of mandible)
- lower cavity: hinge joint
- upper cavity: gliding joint

74
Q

Which nerve passes through the mental foramen of the mandible?

A

CN V3 (mandibular of trigeminal)

75
Q

List the two ligaments of the TMJ

A

lateral “TMJ” ligament
- runs from zygomatic arch to neck of mandible
- prevents posterior dislocation

sphenomandibular ligament
- runs inferior and anterior from the sphenoid bone to the lingula of mandible
- prevents mandibular depression

76
Q

What is the stylomandibular joint?

A

Connects styloid process to mandible

77
Q

What are the basic movements of the TMJ?

A

Elevation, depression, retraction, protraction, side to side

78
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

79
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V3 (mandibular of trigeminal)

80
Q

Explain the masseter muscle

A

Origin: zygomatic arch

Insertion: angle, ramus, and part of inferior border of mandible

Action: elevation and protrusion (forwards)

81
Q

Explain the temporalis muscle

A

Origin: temporal fossa

Insertion: coronoid process of mandible, anterior margin of ramus

Action: elevation and retrusion (backwards)

82
Q

Explain the medial pterygoid muscle

A

Origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla

Insertion: medial ramus of mandible (near angle)

Action: elevation

83
Q

Explain the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

Origin: infratemporal surface of sphenoid, lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

Insertion: TMJ Joint capsule, neck of mandible

Action: protrusion (forwards)

84
Q

What is the name of CN I? Function?

A

Olfactory nerve (smell)

85
Q

What is the name of CN II? Function?

A

CN II: Optic nerve (vision)

86
Q

What is the name of CN III, IV, VI? Function?

A

CN III: Oculomotor
CN IV: Trochlear
CN VI: Abducent

(Provides motor signals to muscles that move the eyes)

87
Q

What is the name of CN VIII? Function?

A

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance)

88
Q

What is the name of CN V and its branches? Function?

A

CN V: Trigeminal
- V1: ophthalmic
- V2: maxillary
- V3 mandibular

Provides sensory innervation to the face

89
Q

What is the name of CN VII? Function?

A

CN VII: Facial nerve (motor to muscles of facial expression)

90
Q

What is the name of CN IX? Function?

A

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (parasympathetic, motor, sensory innervation to lacrimal and salivary glands, as well as the mouth and throat)

91
Q

What is the name of CN X?

A

CN X: Vagus

92
Q

What is the name of CN XI? Function?

A

CN XI: Spinal accessory (motor to SCM and trapezius)

93
Q

What is the name of CN XII? Function?

A

CN XII: Hypoglossal (motor to tongue)

94
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN I: Olfactory

95
Q

Which nerve passes through the optic canal?

A

CN II: Optic nerve

96
Q

Which nerve(s) go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III: Oculomotor nerve
CN IV: Trochlear
CN VI: Abducent
CN V1: Ophthalmic

97
Q

Which nerve goes through foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2: Maxillary of trigeminal

98
Q

Which nerve passes through foramen ovale?

A

CN V3: Mandibular of maxillary

99
Q

Which nerves passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII: Facial
CN VII: Vestibulocochlear

100
Q

Which nerve passes through the jugular foramen

A

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

101
Q

Which nerve goes through foramen magnum?

A

CN XI: Spinal accessory

102
Q

Which nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII: Hypoglossal

103
Q

Which foramen is filled with cartilage?

A

Foramen lacerum

104
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Sella Turcica

105
Q

Which two foramen does the facial nerve go through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus (to the head) and stylomastoid foramen (to the face)

106
Q

If there is damage to the stylomastoid foramen or the facial nerve, what could happen?

A

Damage to the muscles of facial expression

107
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

108
Q

❗️If a tumor was present in the stylomastoid foramen, what could happen?

A

Paralysis of the facial expression muscles (because facial nerve runs through it)

109
Q

Which foramen do V1, V2, and V3 go through? Are they sensory or motor?

A

V1: superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale

V1 and V2 are just sensory, whereas V3 is sensory and motor

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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