Midterm Exam: Lecture 10+11 (Study Other Decks Too) Flashcards
What is the neurocranium?
Bones of the head that surround the brain
What is the viscerocranium?
Facial bones between the nose, TMJ joints, and mental protuberance (chin)
Which bones make up the neurocranium?
- frontal
- parietal (2)
- occipital
- temporal (2)
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
Which nuerocranial bones make up the “calvaria roof”?
Frontal, parietal (2), occipital
Which bones make up the viscerocranium?
- ethmoid
- vomer
- mandible
- maxilla (2)
- inferior nasal concha (2)
- zygomatic (2)
- palatine (2)
- lacrimal (2)
What are fontanelles?
Uncalcified (soft) regions after birth
- anterior (bregma)
- posterior (lambda)
What are the 3 sutures of the skull?
- coronal (divides frontal bone from parietal bones)
- sagittal (divides left and right parietal)
- lambdoid (posterior skull)
Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?
CN I (olfactory)
Which nerve goes through the optic canal?
CN II (optic)
Which nerves go through the superior orbital fissure?
Cranial nerves III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), V1 ophthalmic of the trigeminal, VI (Abducent)
Which nerve goes through foremen rotundum?
CN V2 maxillary of trigeminal
Which nerve goes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3 Mandibular of trigeminal
Which nerves go through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII (Facial) and VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
VII exits the skull via stylomastoid foramen
Which nerves go through the jugular foramen?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory)
And internal jugular vein
Which nerve goes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Which nerves go through the foramen magnum?
CN XI (Accessory)….. then goes out of the skull via the jugular foramen
Spinal cord, brainstem, vertebral artery
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?
Foramen spinosum
What goes into the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery
What is the role of CN V1 (Ophthalmic)?
Responsible for general sensory of the upper face
What is the role of CN V2 (Maxillary)?
Responsible for general sensory of the middle face
What is the role of CN V3 (Mandibular)?
Responsible for general sensory of the lower face
Also innervates the muscles of chewing (motor)
What is different about CN VII?
Which glands does CN VII (facial) innervate?
It provides parasympathetic innervation, special sensation (taste), and muscles of facial expression
Also innervates salivary glands, lacrimal glands
Explain the role of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Responsible for general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue (and taste), pharynx, palatine tonsils, external/middle ear
Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid gland
Does visceral sensory and motor
Explain the role of CN X (Vagus)
Innervates muscles of pharynx, taste to epiglottis, and general sensation to inferior part of pharynx, visceral motor (parasympathetic)
Damage to the vagus nerve may cause difficulty speaking and swallowing
Explain the role of CN XI (Accessory)
Somatic motor to trapezius and SCM
Explain the role of CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Somatic motor to intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Which nerve supplies the face?
CN V (Trigeminal)
- V1 (ophthalmic division)
- V2 (maxillary division)
- V3 (mandibular division)
If a tumor was present in the stylomastoid process, and the structure that passed through it was damaged, what would the symptoms be?
(CN VII: facial nerve) Paralysis of the muscles of facial expression
Your patient has a tumor compressing the nerve that passes through foramen ovale. What would you expect their symptoms to be?
(CN V1: mandibular of trigeminal) Decreased sensation over the chin
Describe the cervical plexus
- A small plexus originating from the ventral rami of C1-C4 with some contribution from C5
- contains 4 cutaneous nerves
- contains the phrenic and ansa cervicalis
The cutaneous portion of the cervical plexus contains 4 nerves, what are they?
Lesser Occipital (C2)
- innervates the skin of neck and scalp, posterior to the ear
Great Auricular (C2/C3)
- innervates the ear region, particularly the parotid gland, and mastoid process
Transverse Cervical (C2/C3)
- innervates the lateral and anterior neck
Supraclavicular (C3/C4)
- innervates the clavicle and shoulder region
Describe the phrenic nerve
Motor and sensory
- motor to diaphragm
- sensory to pericardium, pleura
- originates from anterior rami of C3-C5
Describe the ansa cervicalis
A loop of nerves from C2-3 (inferior), and C1 (superior)
- Has motor branches that innervate the infrahyoid muscles
- C1 blends with CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Name the veins of the neck
- Retromandibular (posterior to ramus)
- Facial (face)
- External jugular (drains the entire head to bring venous blood back to the subclavian)
What does external jugular vein distention indicate?
Poor vascular return to the heart
What makes the border of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Midline (anterior)
Mandible (superior)
SCM (posterior)
What makes the border of the posterior triangle of the neck?
SCM (anterior)
Clavicle (inferior)
Trapezius (posterior)
The hyoid bone divides the anterior neck into two regions. What are they?
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid
The suprahyoid muscles are innervated by what?
Cranial nerves
The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by what?
Ansa cervicalis
What is the function of hyoid muscles?
Assists in swallowing, and can elevate the bone for speech purposes
The hyoid bone is controlled by which muscle? What can it do?
Digastric muscle (2 bellies)
- hyoid can elevate when the jaw is in a fixed position
- mandible can depress/retract when hyoid is in a fixed position
Which nerve innervates the posterior digastric muscle?
CN VII (Facial)