Midterm Exam: Lecture 10+11 (Study Other Decks Too) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bones of the head that surround the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Facial bones between the nose, TMJ joints, and mental protuberance (chin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal (2)
  • occipital
  • temporal (2)
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which nuerocranial bones make up the “calvaria roof”?

A

Frontal, parietal (2), occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium?

A
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
  • mandible
  • maxilla (2)
  • inferior nasal concha (2)
  • zygomatic (2)
  • palatine (2)
  • lacrimal (2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Uncalcified (soft) regions after birth
- anterior (bregma)
- posterior (lambda)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 sutures of the skull?

A
  • coronal (divides frontal bone from parietal bones)
  • sagittal (divides left and right parietal)
  • lambdoid (posterior skull)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN I (olfactory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which nerve goes through the optic canal?

A

CN II (optic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which nerves go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Cranial nerves III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), V1 ophthalmic of the trigeminal, VI (Abducent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which nerve goes through foremen rotundum?

A

CN V2 maxillary of trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which nerve goes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 Mandibular of trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which nerves go through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII (Facial) and VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

VII exits the skull via stylomastoid foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which nerves go through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory)

And internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which nerve goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which nerves go through the foramen magnum?

A

CN XI (Accessory)….. then goes out of the skull via the jugular foramen

Spinal cord, brainstem, vertebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What goes into the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of CN V1 (Ophthalmic)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the upper face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of CN V2 (Maxillary)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the middle face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of CN V3 (Mandibular)?

A

Responsible for general sensory of the lower face

Also innervates the muscles of chewing (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is different about CN VII?

Which glands does CN VII (facial) innervate?

A

It provides parasympathetic innervation, special sensation (taste), and muscles of facial expression

Also innervates salivary glands, lacrimal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain the role of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A

Responsible for general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue (and taste), pharynx, palatine tonsils, external/middle ear

Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid gland

Does visceral sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain the role of CN X (Vagus)

A

Innervates muscles of pharynx, taste to epiglottis, and general sensation to inferior part of pharynx, visceral motor (parasympathetic)

Damage to the vagus nerve may cause difficulty speaking and swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the role of CN XI (Accessory)

A

Somatic motor to trapezius and SCM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the role of CN XII (Hypoglossal)

A

Somatic motor to intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which nerve supplies the face?

A

CN V (Trigeminal)
- V1 (ophthalmic division)
- V2 (maxillary division)
- V3 (mandibular division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

If a tumor was present in the stylomastoid process, and the structure that passed through it was damaged, what would the symptoms be?

A

(CN VII: facial nerve) Paralysis of the muscles of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Your patient has a tumor compressing the nerve that passes through foramen ovale. What would you expect their symptoms to be?

A

(CN V1: mandibular of trigeminal) Decreased sensation over the chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the cervical plexus

A
  • A small plexus originating from the ventral rami of C1-C4 with some contribution from C5
  • contains 4 cutaneous nerves
  • contains the phrenic and ansa cervicalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The cutaneous portion of the cervical plexus contains 4 nerves, what are they?

A

Lesser Occipital (C2)
- innervates the skin of neck and scalp, posterior to the ear

Great Auricular (C2/C3)
- innervates the ear region, particularly the parotid gland, and mastoid process

Transverse Cervical (C2/C3)
- innervates the lateral and anterior neck

Supraclavicular (C3/C4)
- innervates the clavicle and shoulder region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the phrenic nerve

A

Motor and sensory

  • motor to diaphragm
  • sensory to pericardium, pleura
  • originates from anterior rami of C3-C5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the ansa cervicalis

A

A loop of nerves from C2-3 (inferior), and C1 (superior)

  • Has motor branches that innervate the infrahyoid muscles
  • C1 blends with CN XII (Hypoglossal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the veins of the neck

A
  • Retromandibular (posterior to ramus)
  • Facial (face)
  • External jugular (drains the entire head to bring venous blood back to the subclavian)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does external jugular vein distention indicate?

A

Poor vascular return to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What makes the border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline (anterior)
Mandible (superior)
SCM (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What makes the border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

SCM (anterior)
Clavicle (inferior)
Trapezius (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The hyoid bone divides the anterior neck into two regions. What are they?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The suprahyoid muscles are innervated by what?

A

Cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by what?

A

Ansa cervicalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of hyoid muscles?

A

Assists in swallowing, and can elevate the bone for speech purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The hyoid bone is controlled by which muscle? What can it do?

A

Digastric muscle (2 bellies)

  • hyoid can elevate when the jaw is in a fixed position
  • mandible can depress/retract when hyoid is in a fixed position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior digastric muscle?

A

CN VII (Facial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior digastric muscle?

A

CN V3 (Mandibular of trigeminal)

45
Q

What is the stylohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from styloid process to hyoid bone
- innervated by CN VII (Facial)
- elevates hyoid

46
Q

What is the mylohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from mandible to hyoid
- innervated by CN V3 (Mandibular of trigeminal)
- elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed, depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed

47
Q

What is the geniohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from mandible to hyoid (deep to mylohyoid)

  • depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed, elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed
  • innervated my CN XII (Hypoglossal)
48
Q

Which muscles are considered “suprahyoids”?

A

Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid

49
Q

Which muscles are considered “infrahyoids”?

A

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

50
Q

What is the omohyoid muscle? Innervation? Function?

A

Runs from hyoid to superior border of the scapula

  • is superficial to internal jugular vein
51
Q

What is the thyrohyoid muscle?

A

Stabilizes and depresses the hyoid

  • if hyoid is fixed, it will elevate the larynx
52
Q

What is the sternothyroid muscle?

A

Not attached to hyoid and depresses larynx

53
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

54
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the neck and the face?

A

External carotid artery

55
Q

Name the branches of the external carotid artery

A

(SALFOPS Max)
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Maxillary artery

56
Q

Which artery supplies the tongue with blood?

A

Lingual artery

57
Q

Which artery supplies the face with blood?

A

Facial artery

58
Q

Which artery brings blood to the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal

59
Q

Which artery supplies the ear with blood?

A

Posterior Auricular artery

60
Q

Which artery supplies the superficial skull with blood?

A

Superficial temporal artery

61
Q

Which artery supplies the deep face with blood?

A

Maxillary artery

62
Q

Which major vessels of the neck run parallel to one another? Which nerve runs with them?

A

Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

The vagus nerve also runs with the vessels

63
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

CN XI (Spinal accessory)

64
Q

Which nerve innervates the larynx? Which artery supplies it with blood?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery

65
Q

Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve

66
Q

Which nerve provides sensation below the vocal cords and innervates all the muscles that help move the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

67
Q

Which nerve innervates the vocal cords?

A

Vagus nerve

68
Q

What is the role of the CN VII (facial nerve)?

A
  • innervates muscles of facial expression
  • Innervates glands (lacrimal, submandibular, salivary)
  • Provides taste and sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
69
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

An injury to CN VII (Facial) that causes
- paralysis of muscles that control facial expression (droopy face on one side)
- cornea can become vulnerable to injury
- can cause hyperacusis and affect taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)

70
Q

Which nerve goes through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve

71
Q

What is the function of the parotid gland? Innervation?

A

Supplies the mouth with saliva

Parasympathetically innervated by CN IX

72
Q

Which major vessels supply and drain the head?

A

Superficial temporal vein and artery (head), and the facial vein and artery (face)

73
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

Synovial joint also known as the “Temporal Mandibular joint” (junction between mandibular fossa and condyle of mandible)
- lower cavity: hinge joint
- upper cavity: gliding joint

74
Q

Which nerve passes through the mental foramen of the mandible?

A

CN V3 (mandibular of trigeminal)

75
Q

List the two ligaments of the TMJ

A

lateral “TMJ” ligament
- runs from zygomatic arch to neck of mandible
- prevents posterior dislocation

sphenomandibular ligament
- runs inferior and anterior from the sphenoid bone to the lingula of mandible
- prevents mandibular depression

76
Q

What is the stylomandibular joint?

A

Connects styloid process to mandible

77
Q

What are the basic movements of the TMJ?

A

Elevation, depression, retraction, protraction, side to side

78
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

79
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V3 (mandibular of trigeminal)

80
Q

Explain the masseter muscle

A

Origin: zygomatic arch

Insertion: angle, ramus, and part of inferior border of mandible

Action: elevation and protrusion (forwards)

81
Q

Explain the temporalis muscle

A

Origin: temporal fossa

Insertion: coronoid process of mandible, anterior margin of ramus

Action: elevation and retrusion (backwards)

82
Q

Explain the medial pterygoid muscle

A

Origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla

Insertion: medial ramus of mandible (near angle)

Action: elevation

83
Q

Explain the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

Origin: infratemporal surface of sphenoid, lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

Insertion: TMJ Joint capsule, neck of mandible

Action: protrusion (forwards)

84
Q

What is the name of CN I? Function?

A

Olfactory nerve (smell)

85
Q

What is the name of CN II? Function?

A

CN II: Optic nerve (vision)

86
Q

What is the name of CN III, IV, VI? Function?

A

CN III: Oculomotor
CN IV: Trochlear
CN VI: Abducent

(Provides motor signals to muscles that move the eyes)

87
Q

What is the name of CN VIII? Function?

A

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance)

88
Q

What is the name of CN V and its branches? Function?

A

CN V: Trigeminal
- V1: ophthalmic
- V2: maxillary
- V3 mandibular

Provides sensory innervation to the face

89
Q

What is the name of CN VII? Function?

A

CN VII: Facial nerve (motor to muscles of facial expression)

90
Q

What is the name of CN IX? Function?

A

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (parasympathetic, motor, sensory innervation to lacrimal and salivary glands, as well as the mouth and throat)

91
Q

What is the name of CN X?

A

CN X: Vagus

92
Q

What is the name of CN XI? Function?

A

CN XI: Spinal accessory (motor to SCM and trapezius)

93
Q

What is the name of CN XII? Function?

A

CN XII: Hypoglossal (motor to tongue)

94
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN I: Olfactory

95
Q

Which nerve passes through the optic canal?

A

CN II: Optic nerve

96
Q

Which nerve(s) go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III: Oculomotor nerve
CN IV: Trochlear
CN VI: Abducent
CN V1: Ophthalmic

97
Q

Which nerve goes through foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2: Maxillary of trigeminal

98
Q

Which nerve passes through foramen ovale?

A

CN V3: Mandibular of maxillary

99
Q

Which nerves passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII: Facial
CN VII: Vestibulocochlear

100
Q

Which nerve passes through the jugular foramen

A

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

101
Q

Which nerve goes through foramen magnum?

A

CN XI: Spinal accessory

102
Q

Which nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII: Hypoglossal

103
Q

Which foramen is filled with cartilage?

A

Foramen lacerum

104
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Sella Turcica

105
Q

Which two foramen does the facial nerve go through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus (to the head) and stylomastoid foramen (to the face)

106
Q

If there is damage to the stylomastoid foramen or the facial nerve, what could happen?

A

Damage to the muscles of facial expression

107
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

108
Q

❗️If a tumor was present in the stylomastoid foramen, what could happen?

A

Paralysis of the facial expression muscles (because facial nerve runs through it)

109
Q

Which foramen do V1, V2, and V3 go through? Are they sensory or motor?

A

V1: superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale

V1 and V2 are just sensory, whereas V3 is sensory and motor