Final Exam: Lecture 18-19 (Study Other Decks Too)

Question 1

Which muscles plantarflex the foot?

Answer 1

Gastrocnemius + Soleus

Question 1

What is the peroneal (fibular) retinaculum? Where does each retinaculum attach?

Answer 1

A pair of two lateral ligaments that hold the peroneus longus and brevis in place to prevent tendon subluxation

Superior peroneal retinaculum: Runs inferior/posterior from lateral malleolus to calcaneus

Inferior peroneal retinaculum: Runs inferior/posterior from inferior extensor retinaculum to calcaneus

Question 2

Which muscles perform toe flexion?

Answer 2

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

Question 3

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

Answer 3

Tibial nerve (via sciatic)

Question 4

Which artery supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the lower leg? Which structure does it pass through in the ankle?

Answer 4

Posterior tibial artery (via popliteal artery)

It passes through the tarsal tunnel

Question 5

The tibial nerve splits into which nerves when it reaches the foot?

Answer 5

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 6

Where does the gastrocnemius originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 6

Origin: Medial and lateral heads of the femoral condyles

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantar flexion and Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

Question 7

Where does the plantaris originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 7

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantar flexion + Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

(Not present in 10% of people)

Question 8

Where does the soleus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 8

Origin: Posterior tibia (soleal line), and posterior fibular head

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

Question 9

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment?

Answer 9

• Tibialis posterior
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor hallucis longus

Question 10

Which structures pass below the medial malleolus via the tarsal tunnel? List the structures in order from closest to furthest using the medial malleolus as the reference point

Answer 10

Tom: Tibialis Posterior
Dick: Flexor Digitorum Longus
And: Posterior Tibial Artery
Very: Posterior Tibial Vein
Nervous: Tibial Nerve
Harry: Flexor Hallucis Longus

Question 11

Which structures lie within the distal tibial groove?

Answer 11

Tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus

Question 12

Which structure lies within the groove of the posterior talus?

Answer 12

Flexor hallucis longus

Question 13

Where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 13

Origin: Posterior tibia

Insertion: Plantar distal phalanges

Action: Toe flexion and plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

Question 14

Where does the posterior tibialis originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 14

Origin: Posterior tibia, fibula, IO membrane

Insertion: Navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform

Action: Inversion + Plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

Question 15

Where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 15

Origin: Middle 1/3 of posterior tibia

Insertion: Distal phalanx of digit 1

Question 16

Where does the anterior tibialis originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 16

Origin: Proximal 2/3 of anterior tibia and IO membrane

Insertion: Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and base of MT 1

Action: Dorsiflexion + Inversion

Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5)

Blood supply: Anterior tibial artery

Question 17

Which muscle looks like a 7?

Answer 17

Adductor hallucis

Question 18

Where does the Flexor hallucis longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 18

Origin: Middle 1/3 of fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanx of digit 1

Action: Flexion of metatarsophalangeals (MTP) and interphalangeal (IP)

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

Question 19

What is the flexor retinaculum?

Answer 19

The ligament that runs from the calcaneus to medial malleolus and holds Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry in place

(Also forms the tarsal tunnel)

Question 20

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 20

When the posterior tibial artery or tibial nerve becomes compressed by the flexor retinaculum

Question 21

Where does the popliteus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

Answer 21

Responsible for the reverse screw home mechanism which locks and unlocks the knee

Origin: Lateral femoral condyle/meniscus

Insertion: Proximal posterior tibia (soleal line)

Action: Internal rotation (unlocks knee) and Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Blood supply: Popliteal artery

Question 22

Which nerve innervates the medial lower leg?

Answer 22

Saphenous nerve

Question 23

Which nerve innervates the anterior lateral lower leg?

Answer 23

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 24

Which nerve innervates the lateral knee?

Answer 24

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve

Question 25

Which nerve innervates the posterior lateral leg?

Answer 25

Sural cutaneous (a branch from the tibial nerve and a branch from common peroneal nerve that meets up and runs lateral to achilles tendon)

Question 26

Which vein runs down the medial thigh and lower leg and is also considered the longest vein in the human body? Where does it drain into?

Answer 26

Great saphenous vein drains blood into femoral vein

Question 27

Where is the short saphenous vein? what does it drain into?

Answer 27

Runs down the back of the leg (with sural nerve) Drains blood into the popliteal vein

Question 28

Name all the bones of the foot

Answer 28

Calcaneus, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (3), Metatarsals, Phalanges

Question 29

Describe the talus?

Answer 29

Articulates with tibia/fibula and navicular Contains a groove for flexor hallucis longus (FHL)

Question 30

What is the talocrural joint? Which motions can it perform?

Answer 30

The joint between the talus and foot that connects the talus and tibia Can perform plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction

Question 31

What is the subtalar joint?

Answer 31

The joint between the talus and calcaneus

Question 32

Which muscles go above and below the fibular/peroneal tubercle?

Answer 32

Above: Peroneus Brevis Below: Peroneus Longus (Peroneus longus runs over brevis before they cross at the medial malleolus)

Question 33

Describe the calcaneus

Answer 33

- Lateral process is the origin of abductor digiti minimi - Medial process is the origin of the abductor hallucis - Contains the susentaculum tali with the FHL groove underneath -

Question 34

What is ankle mortise?

Answer 34

Upper ankle joint (Talocrural)

Question 35

What is the primary action of the talocrural joint?

Answer 35

Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Question 36

What is the transverse tarsal joint (TTJ)?

Answer 36

Both the talonavicular joint, and calcaneocuboid joint (together they allow for flexibility/mobility of the forefoot)

Question 37

What are the actions of the transverse tarsal joint (TTJ)

Answer 37

Supination: - Combination of plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction Pronation: - Combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

Question 38

Which tarsometatarsal bones align with one another?

Answer 38

- Medial cuneiform and MT 1 - Intermediate cuneiform and MT 2 - Lateral cuneiform and MT 3 - Cuboid and MT 4-5

Question 39

Abduction and adduction of the toes are based around which toe?

Answer 39

2nd toe

Question 40

Which actions take place at the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)?

Answer 40

- Flexion/extension - Abduction/Adduction

Question 41

What does PIP stand for?

Answer 41

Proximal Interphalangeal joint

Question 42

What does DIP stand for?

Answer 42

Distal Interphalangeal joint

Question 43

T or F? There is no PIP or DIP of the big toe

Answer 43

True, only an interphalangeal joint

Question 44

T or F? The interphalangeal joint can only perform abduction/adduction

Answer 44

False, only flexion/extension

Question 45

What are the 3 foot arches?

Answer 45

Medial longitudinal arch, Lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch

Question 46

Which bones make up the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 46

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms (3), Metatarsals 1-3

Question 47

Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 47

Calcaneus (laterally), Cuboid, Lateral 2 metatarsal bones

Question 48

Which bones make up the transverse arch?

Answer 48

Tarsometatarsal joints

Question 49

What is Pes Cavas? What is Pes Planus?

Answer 49

Pes Cavas is an excessive arch while Pes Planus is a flat foot with minimal arch

Question 50

❗️What are the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle? What is their function?

Answer 50

Anterior Talofibular (ATFL), Posterior Talofibular (PTFL), Calcaneofibular (CFL) Function: Resist inversion

Question 51

What is the weakest ligament of the foot?

Answer 51

Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)

Question 52

Which motions does the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) resist?

Answer 52

Plantarflexion and Inversion

Question 53

Which test do you use to distinguish whether or not you have a ruptured ATFL?

Answer 53

Anterior drawer test of ankle

Question 54

❗️What are the medial collateral ligaments (deltoid) of the ankle? What is their function?

Answer 54

Anterior tibiotalar, Posterior tibiotalar, Tibionavicular, Tibiocalcaneal Function: Resist eversion

Question 55

What is plantar fascia? Where does it run to and from?

Answer 55

Fascia that runs on the bottom of the foot from the calcaneus to the head of metatarsals Function: Supports the bottom of the foot and medial longitudinal arch

Question 56

What is the long plantar ligament?

Answer 56

The ligament that runs from the calcaneal tuberosity to the bases of metatarsals 2-5 - Supports longitudinal arch - Forms a tunnel for the peroneus longus

Question 57

What is the short plantar ligament?

Answer 57

Ligament that runs from calcaneal tubercle to the cuboid

Question 58

What is the full name of the spring ligament?

Answer 58

Plantar Calcaneonavicular

Question 59

Describe the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Answer 59

- Runs from the sustentaculum tali to the plantar surface of the navicular - Connects the calcaneus to navicular - Partially maintains the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 60

What

Question 61

What are the ligaments of the toe?

Answer 61

Collateral ligament - Resist Abduction and adduction of MTP/IP joints Plantar ligament - Resist hyperextension Deep transverse ligament (between metatarsal heads) - Resists splaying of MT

Question 62

Which nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot (top of foot)?

Answer 62

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 63

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 63

Lateral/Medial plantar nerves (via tibial nerve)

Question 64

Which artery supplies the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot)?

Answer 64

dorsalis pedis (via anterior tibial artery)

Question 65

Which artery supplies the intrinsic foot muscles (plantar side)?

Answer 65

Lateral/Medial Plantar artery (via posterior tibial artery)

Question 66

Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in the sagittal plane mainly occur at which of the following joints? - Talocrural - Subtalar - Mid-tarsal - Talofibular

Answer 66

Talocrural

Question 67

Ankle inversion/eversion in the frontal plane mainly occurs at which of the following joints? - Talocrural - Subtalar - Mid-tarsal - Talofibular

Answer 67

Subtalar

Question 68

Which motion occurs at the mid-tarsal joint? - Abduction/adduction - Inversion/eversion - Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion - Supination/pronation

Answer 68

Supination/pronation

Question 69

Which of the following statements regarding the ligaments of the foot is correct? - ATFL is the strongest ligament of the lateral collateral ligaments - The lateral collateral ligament resists subtalar inversion - The lateral collateral ligaments is also called the deltoid ligament - The plantar fascia distally attaches to the base of the metatarsals

Answer 69

The lateral collateral ligament resists subtalar inversion

Question 70

The insertion of tibialis anterior is at... - Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal base - Cuboid and the 5th metatarsal tuberosity - Lateral calcaneus - Navicular process

Answer 70

Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal base

Question 71

The motor innervation to the anterior compartment of the leg is provided by the... - Superficial fibular nerve - Deep fibular nerve - Tibial nerve - Common fibular nerve

Answer 71

- Deep fibular nerve

Question 72

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the leg is provided by the... - Anterior tibial artery - Posterior tibial artery - Fibular artery - Inferior lateral genicular artery

Answer 72

Posterior tibial artery

Question 73

The fibularis brevis can generate which of the following actions? - Ankle dorsiflexion - Ankle plantarflexion - Ankle eversion - Ankle inversion - A and D - B and C

Answer 73

B and C... Ankle plantarflexion and eversion

Question 74

The lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by the... - Deep fibular nerve - Superficial fibular nerve - Tibial nerve - Sural nerve

Answer 74

Superficial fibular nerve

Question 75

Which of the following muscles does not attach to the fibula? - Tibialis posterior - Flexor digitorum longus - Flexor hallucis longus - Fibularis longus

Answer 75

Flexor digitorum longus

Question 76

The posterior compartment of the leg is innervated by the... - Deep fibular nerve - Superficial fibular nerve - Tibial nerve - Femoral nerve

Answer 76

Tibial nerve

Question 77

Which of the following structures pass through the tarsal tunnel? - Deep fibular nerve - Tibialis anterior tendon - Flexor hallucis longus tendon - Fibular artery

Answer 77

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Question 78

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the lower leg is provided by the... - Anterior tibial artery - Posterior tibial artery - Fibular artery - Popliteal artery

Answer 78

Posterior tibial artery

Question 79

T or F? The great saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein

Answer 79

False

Question 80

Which of the following structures does not go through the adductor canal? - Femoral artery - Femoral nerve - Saphenous nerve - All of the above go through the adductor canal

Answer 80

All of the above go through the adductor canal

Question 81

The gracilis inserts at the...

Answer 81

Pes anserinus (medial tibia)

Question 81

The vastus lateralis is innervated by the... - Obturator nerve - Femoral nerve - Superior gluteal nerve - Inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 81

Femoral nerve

Question 82

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh is from... - Obturator artery - Deep femoral artery - Superior Gluteal artery - Iliolumbar artery

Answer 82

- Deep femoral artery

Question 83

During knee extension, the patella moves which direction?

Answer 83

Superior and lateral

Question 84

Which ligament resists anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur?

Answer 84

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Question 85

Which artery supplies the cruciate ligaments?

Answer 85

Middle genicular artery

Question 86

What is a Jones fracture?

Answer 86

A fracture of the 5th metatarsal

Question 87

What are the superficial veins of the lower leg?

Answer 87

- Great saphenous vein - Small saphenous vein

Question 88

What is the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 88

A narrow opening on the medial ankle formed by the flexor retinaculum

Question 89

What is the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 89

A narrow opening on the medial ankle formed by the flexor retinaculum

Question 90

The tibia has grooves for which tendons?

Answer 90

Posterior tibial and flexor digitorum longus

Question 91

Where is the groove for flexor hallucis longus

Answer 91

Posterior talus

Question 92

Where does posterior tibialis originate and insert?

Answer 92

Origin: posterior tib and fib Insertion: navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform

Question 93

Where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert?

Answer 93

Origin: posterior tib Insertion: plantar distal phalanges

Question 94

Where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert?

Answer 94

Origin: middle 1/3 of fibula Insertion: distal phalanx of digit 1

Question 95

Where does the anterior tibialis originate and insert?

Answer 95

Origin: proximal 2/3 of anterior tibia Insertion: medial cuneiform + base of MT1

Question 96

Which artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 96

Dorsalis pedis (via anterior tib artery)

Question 97

Which artery supplies the intrinsic foot muscles?

Answer 97

Lateral + Medial plantar arteries

Question 98

Which nerve innervates the dorsum of foot?

Answer 98

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 99

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic foot muscles?

Answer 99

Lateral + Medial plantar nerves

Question 100

In a closed chain movement, hip internal rotation causes…

Answer 100

Ankle eversion

Question 101

In a closed chain movement, hip external rotation causes…

Answer 101

Ankle inversion

Question 102

Which ligament holds peroneus brevis and longus in place?

Answer 102

- Superior peroneal retinaculum - Inferior peroneal retinaculum

Question 103

Which ligament holds tom dick Harry in place?

Answer 103

Flexor retinaculum (makes the tarsal tunnel) CONFIRMED