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Anatomy 1 > Final Exam: Lecture 18-19 (Study Other Decks Too) > Flashcards

Final Exam: Lecture 18-19 (Study Other Decks Too) Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles plantarflex the foot?

A

Gastrocnemius + Soleus

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1
Q

What is the peroneal (fibular) retinaculum? Where does each retinaculum attach?

A

A pair of two lateral ligaments that hold the peroneus longus and brevis in place to prevent tendon subluxation

Superior peroneal retinaculum: Runs inferior/posterior from lateral malleolus to calcaneus

Inferior peroneal retinaculum: Runs inferior/posterior from inferior extensor retinaculum to calcaneus

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2
Q

Which muscles perform toe flexion?

A

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

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3
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibial nerve (via sciatic)

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4
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the lower leg? Which structure does it pass through in the ankle?

A

Posterior tibial artery (via popliteal artery)

It passes through the tarsal tunnel

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5
Q

The tibial nerve splits into which nerves when it reaches the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

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6
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Medial and lateral heads of the femoral condyles

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantar flexion and Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

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7
Q

Where does the plantaris originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantar flexion + Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

(Not present in 10% of people)

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8
Q

Where does the soleus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Posterior tibia (soleal line), and posterior fibular head

Insertion: Calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

Action: Plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

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9
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
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10
Q

Which structures pass below the medial malleolus via the tarsal tunnel? List the structures in order from closest to furthest using the medial malleolus as the reference point

A

Tom: Tibialis Posterior
Dick: Flexor Digitorum Longus
And: Posterior Tibial Artery
Very: Posterior Tibial Vein
Nervous: Tibial Nerve
Harry: Flexor Hallucis Longus

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11
Q

Which structures lie within the distal tibial groove?

A

Tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus

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12
Q

Which structure lies within the groove of the posterior talus?

A

Flexor hallucis longus

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13
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Posterior tibia

Insertion: Plantar distal phalanges

Action: Toe flexion and plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

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14
Q

Where does the posterior tibialis originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Posterior tibia, fibula, IO membrane

Insertion: Navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform

Action: Inversion + Plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

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15
Q

Where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Middle 1/3 of posterior tibia

Insertion: Distal phalanx of digit 1

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16
Q

Where does the anterior tibialis originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Proximal 2/3 of anterior tibia and IO membrane

Insertion: Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and base of MT 1

Action: Dorsiflexion + Inversion

Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5)

Blood supply: Anterior tibial artery

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17
Q

Which muscle looks like a 7?

A

Adductor hallucis

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18
Q

Where does the Flexor hallucis longus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Origin: Middle 1/3 of fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanx of digit 1

Action: Flexion of metatarsophalangeals (MTP) and interphalangeal (IP)

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery

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19
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

The ligament that runs from the calcaneus to medial malleolus and holds Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry in place

(Also forms the tarsal tunnel)

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20
Q

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

When the posterior tibial artery or tibial nerve becomes compressed by the flexor retinaculum

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21
Q

Where does the popliteus originate and insert? Action? Innervation? Blood Supply?

A

Responsible for the reverse screw home mechanism which locks and unlocks the knee

Origin: Lateral femoral condyle/meniscus

Insertion: Proximal posterior tibia (soleal line)

Action: Internal rotation (unlocks knee) and Knee flexion

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Blood supply: Popliteal artery

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22
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial lower leg?

A

Saphenous nerve

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23
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior lateral lower leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

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24
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral knee?

A

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve

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25
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior lateral leg?

A

Sural cutaneous (a branch from the tibial nerve and a branch from common peroneal nerve that meets up and runs lateral to achilles tendon)

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26
Q

Which vein runs down the medial thigh and lower leg and is also considered the longest vein in the human body? Where does it drain into?

A

Great saphenous vein

drains blood into femoral vein

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27
Q

Where is the short saphenous vein? what does it drain into?

A

Runs down the back of the leg (with sural nerve)

Drains blood into the popliteal vein

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28
Q

Name all the bones of the foot

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (3), Metatarsals, Phalanges

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29
Q

Describe the talus?

A

Articulates with tibia/fibula and navicular

Contains a groove for flexor hallucis longus (FHL)

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30
Q

What is the talocrural joint? Which motions can it perform?

A

The joint between the talus and foot that connects the talus and tibia

Can perform plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction

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31
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

The joint between the talus and calcaneus

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32
Q

Which muscles go above and below the fibular/peroneal tubercle?

A

Above: Peroneus Brevis
Below: Peroneus Longus

(Peroneus longus runs over brevis before they cross at the medial malleolus)

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33
Q

Describe the calcaneus

A
  • Lateral process is the origin of abductor digiti minimi
  • Medial process is the origin of the abductor hallucis
  • ## Contains the susentaculum tali with the FHL groove underneath
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34
Q

What is ankle mortise?

A

Upper ankle joint (Talocrural)

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35
Q

What is the primary action of the talocrural joint?

A

Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

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36
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint (TTJ)?

A

Both the talonavicular joint, and calcaneocuboid joint (together they allow for flexibility/mobility of the forefoot)

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37
Q

What are the actions of the transverse tarsal joint (TTJ)

A

Supination:
- Combination of plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction

Pronation:
- Combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

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38
Q

Which tarsometatarsal bones align with one another?

A
  • Medial cuneiform and MT 1
  • Intermediate cuneiform and MT 2
  • Lateral cuneiform and MT 3
  • Cuboid and MT 4-5
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39
Q

Abduction and adduction of the toes are based around which toe?

A

2nd toe

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40
Q

Which actions take place at the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)?

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
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41
Q

What does PIP stand for?

A

Proximal Interphalangeal joint

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42
Q

What does DIP stand for?

A

Distal Interphalangeal joint

43
Q

T or F? There is no PIP or DIP of the big toe

A

True, only an interphalangeal joint

44
Q

T or F? The interphalangeal joint can only perform abduction/adduction

A

False, only flexion/extension

45
Q

What are the 3 foot arches?

A

Medial longitudinal arch, Lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch

46
Q

Which bones make up the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms (3), Metatarsals 1-3

47
Q

Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus (laterally), Cuboid, Lateral 2 metatarsal bones

48
Q

Which bones make up the transverse arch?

A

Tarsometatarsal joints

49
Q

What is Pes Cavas? What is Pes Planus?

A

Pes Cavas is an excessive arch while Pes Planus is a flat foot with minimal arch

50
Q

❗️What are the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle? What is their function?

A

Anterior Talofibular (ATFL), Posterior Talofibular (PTFL), Calcaneofibular (CFL)

Function: Resist inversion

51
Q

What is the weakest ligament of the foot?

A

Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)

52
Q

Which motions does the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) resist?

A

Plantarflexion and Inversion

53
Q

Which test do you use to distinguish whether or not you have a ruptured ATFL?

A

Anterior drawer test of ankle

54
Q

❗️What are the medial collateral ligaments (deltoid) of the ankle? What is their function?

A

Anterior tibiotalar, Posterior tibiotalar, Tibionavicular, Tibiocalcaneal

Function: Resist eversion

55
Q

What is plantar fascia? Where does it run to and from?

A

Fascia that runs on the bottom of the foot from the calcaneus to the head of metatarsals

Function: Supports the bottom of the foot and medial longitudinal arch

56
Q

What is the long plantar ligament?

A

The ligament that runs from the calcaneal tuberosity to the bases of metatarsals 2-5

  • Supports longitudinal arch
  • Forms a tunnel for the peroneus longus
57
Q

What is the short plantar ligament?

A

Ligament that runs from calcaneal tubercle to the cuboid

58
Q

What is the full name of the spring ligament?

A

Plantar Calcaneonavicular

59
Q

Describe the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

A
  • Runs from the sustentaculum tali to the plantar surface of the navicular
  • Connects the calcaneus to navicular
  • Partially maintains the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
60
Q

What

A
61
Q

What are the ligaments of the toe?

A

Collateral ligament
- Resist Abduction and adduction of MTP/IP joints

Plantar ligament
- Resist hyperextension

Deep transverse ligament (between metatarsal heads)
- Resists splaying of MT

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot (top of foot)?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

63
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Lateral/Medial plantar nerves (via tibial nerve)

64
Q

Which artery supplies the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot)?

A

dorsalis pedis (via anterior tibial artery)

65
Q

Which artery supplies the intrinsic foot muscles (plantar side)?

A

Lateral/Medial Plantar artery (via posterior tibial artery)

66
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in the sagittal plane mainly occur at which of the following joints?

  • Talocrural
  • Subtalar
  • Mid-tarsal
  • Talofibular
A

Talocrural

67
Q

Ankle inversion/eversion in the frontal plane mainly occurs at which of the following joints?

  • Talocrural
  • Subtalar
  • Mid-tarsal
  • Talofibular
A

Subtalar

68
Q

Which motion occurs at the mid-tarsal joint?

  • Abduction/adduction
  • Inversion/eversion
  • Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
  • Supination/pronation
A

Supination/pronation

69
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the ligaments of the foot is correct?

  • ATFL is the strongest ligament of the lateral collateral ligaments
  • The lateral collateral ligament resists subtalar inversion
  • The lateral collateral ligaments is also called the deltoid ligament
  • The plantar fascia distally attaches to the base of the metatarsals
A

The lateral collateral ligament resists subtalar inversion

70
Q

The insertion of tibialis anterior is at…

  • Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal base
  • Cuboid and the 5th metatarsal tuberosity
  • Lateral calcaneus
  • Navicular process
A

Medial and inferior medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal base

71
Q

The motor innervation to the anterior compartment of the leg is provided by the…

  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
A
  • Deep fibular nerve
72
Q

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the leg is provided by the…

  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Fibular artery
  • Inferior lateral genicular artery
A

Posterior tibial artery

73
Q

The fibularis brevis can generate which of the following actions?

  • Ankle dorsiflexion
  • Ankle plantarflexion
  • Ankle eversion
  • Ankle inversion
  • A and D
  • B and C
A

B and C… Ankle plantarflexion and eversion

74
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by the…

  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve
  • Sural nerve
A

Superficial fibular nerve

75
Q

Which of the following muscles does not attach to the fibula?

  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Fibularis longus
A

Flexor digitorum longus

76
Q

The posterior compartment of the leg is innervated by the…

  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve
  • Femoral nerve
A

Tibial nerve

77
Q

Which of the following structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?

  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Tibialis anterior tendon
  • Flexor hallucis longus tendon
  • Fibular artery
A

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

78
Q

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the lower leg is provided by the…

  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Fibular artery
  • Popliteal artery
A

Posterior tibial artery

79
Q

T or F? The great saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein

A

False

80
Q

Which of the following structures does not go through the adductor canal?

  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral nerve
  • Saphenous nerve
  • All of the above go through the adductor canal
A

All of the above go through the adductor canal

81
Q

The gracilis inserts at the…

A

Pes anserinus (medial tibia)

81
Q

The vastus lateralis is innervated by the…

  • Obturator nerve
  • Femoral nerve
  • Superior gluteal nerve
  • Inferior gluteal nerve
A

Femoral nerve

82
Q

The arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh is from…

  • Obturator artery
  • Deep femoral artery
  • Superior Gluteal artery
  • Iliolumbar artery
A
  • Deep femoral artery
83
Q

During knee extension, the patella moves which direction?

A

Superior and lateral

84
Q

Which ligament resists anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

85
Q

Which artery supplies the cruciate ligaments?

A

Middle genicular artery

86
Q

What is a Jones fracture?

A

A fracture of the 5th metatarsal

87
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower leg?

A
  • Great saphenous vein
  • Small saphenous vein
88
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

A narrow opening on the medial ankle formed by the flexor retinaculum

89
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

A narrow opening on the medial ankle formed by the flexor retinaculum

90
Q

The tibia has grooves for which tendons?

A

Posterior tibial and flexor digitorum longus

91
Q

Where is the groove for flexor hallucis longus

A

Posterior talus

92
Q

Where does posterior tibialis originate and insert?

A

Origin: posterior tib and fib

Insertion: navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform

93
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert?

A

Origin: posterior tib

Insertion: plantar distal phalanges

94
Q

Where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert?

A

Origin: middle 1/3 of fibula

Insertion: distal phalanx of digit 1

95
Q

Where does the anterior tibialis originate and insert?

A

Origin: proximal 2/3 of anterior tibia

Insertion: medial cuneiform + base of MT1

96
Q

Which artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis (via anterior tib artery)

97
Q

Which artery supplies the intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Lateral + Medial plantar arteries

98
Q

Which nerve innervates the dorsum of foot?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

99
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Lateral + Medial plantar nerves

100
Q

In a closed chain movement, hip internal rotation causes…

A

Ankle eversion

101
Q

In a closed chain movement, hip external rotation causes…

A

Ankle inversion

102
Q

Which ligament holds peroneus brevis and longus in place?

A
  • Superior peroneal retinaculum
  • Inferior peroneal retinaculum
103
Q

Which ligament holds tom dick Harry in place?

A

Flexor retinaculum (makes the tarsal tunnel) CONFIRMED

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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