Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Eco Evo > Quiz 3 and Final notes > Flashcards

Quiz 3 and Final notes Flashcards

1
Q

Look at materials for …

A

online class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

…: different species that interact in a specific location

A

community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

…: all individuals of a species in a specific location

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

…: individual

A

organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

…: which species are present and in what quantities

A

community composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

…: # of species

A

species richness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

…: # of individuals

A

abundance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

…: similarity of # of individuals of different species

A

species evenness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

…: relative abundance of different species
includes … and …
more diverse = more rich and more even

A

species diversity; richness; evenness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what influences community composition?
…
…

A

ecological interactions

availability of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

… controls - on community composition

influenced by interactions

A

top-down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

… shape communities –> determine community composition

A

interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

… controls: on community composition

influenced by amount of energy available

A

bottom-up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

producers (autotrophs)

store … in the form of …

A

solar energy; chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

consumer (heterotroph)

gets energy by … that stores energy in ..

A

ingesting matter; chemical bonds (producers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
types of heterotrophs: 
... consumer 
... consumer 
... consumer 
...
A

primary
secondary
tertiary
decomposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when consumers eat, they gain energy from the …

this is inefficient- it results in …

A

consumed organism; losses of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at obtaining energy (amount of energy consumed relative to amount available)

A

ingestion (or consumption) efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at extracting energy from its food (amount assimilated relative to amount ingested) (vs. what is passed as feces, i.e. egested)

A

assimilation efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(energy efficiencies) …: overall efficiency with which food is converted to organism tissue; how much energy goes to growth relative to total amount assimilated (vs. what is lost to respiration)

A

production/growth efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
factors affecting energy efficiencies: 
.. 
... 
... status 
... scales with size
A

diet
temperature
physiological
metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

energy transfers are highly inefficient bc energy is lost in …, as …

A

heat; waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

from the base of plant productivity, about … of the biomass of each trophic level is passed on to the next-higher level

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this flow of energy applies to any ecosystem:

sun to … to … to … and … to … and …

A

plants; herbivores; predators; parasitoids; predators; hyperparasitoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

total biomass = avg biomass of … x …

A

each individual; population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

…: shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level

A

pyramid of numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

… of energy value of food passed along to next level of chain

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

trophic levels can keep going, to tertiary consumers, then … consumers. most communities do not go past tertiary consumers

A

quaternary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

bottom-up controls: … are the limiting factor

A

producers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

…: organisms affect each other through an interaction:
predation (+/-)
competition (-/-)
mutualism (+/+)

A

direct interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

…: organisms influence each other via other organisms
positive (+)
negative (-)

A

indirect interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q 
interaction webs indicate: 
... interactions
... interactions
.. 
... interactions
... interactions
A 
predator-prey
competitive interaction
mutualisms
indirect positive
indirect negative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the composition of a community depends on both … and … controls

A

top-down; bottom-up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

…. describe community composition and includes species richness, abundance, species evenness, and species diversity

A

biodiversity metrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

…: species that has a very large impact on their community, even though they may have a small population

A

keystone species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

…: level in a food chain

…: removal of one species can cause a ripple effect through the community (food web)

A

trophic; trophic cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

…: can lead to trophic cascades

A

indirect interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ecosystem = … + …

energy … and …

A

biotic; abiotic

energy fluxes; nutrient cycling

39
Q

…: the physical, chemical and biological actions or events that link organisms and their environment

A

ecosystem processes

40
Q

physical environment affects the … and … of a biological community and profoundly influences … will be found there

A

structure; characteristics; what type of community

41
Q

the biological community can alter the … of an ecosystem

A

physical characteristics

42
Q

How do we define and describe ecosystems?
…
…
…

A

inputs
internal cycling pools
outputs

43
Q

ecosystem pools:
… …
…

A

atmosphere
aquatic
terrestrial

44
Q

…: movement of elements/energy/materials between pools

A

flux

45
Q

…% available freshwater

A

0.3

46
Q

(water cycle) soil water/ground water is taken up by … and goes to the atmosphere as vapor via …, it is then precipitated, returning back to rivers lakes, wetland and oceans
ALSO:
water from rivers, lakes, wetlands, oceans can … to enter atmosphere as water vapor, and is then precipitated and reenters plants/soil via … and …/… flow returns it to rivers, lakes etc

A

plants; evapotranspiration;

evaporate; infiltration; surface; ground water

47
Q

what factors influence the rates of fluxes?

…

A

biological communities

48
Q

…: pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms and the 3 pools of the physical environment

A

biogeochemical cycle

49
Q

the … of elements/energy/material is always the same, but the quantity in different compartments varies

A

TOTAL quantity

50
Q

…: something that occupies space and has mass, distinct from energy

A

matter

51
Q

…: property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object

A

energy

52
Q 
some forms of energy: 
.. 
… 
.. 
… 
… 
… 
neither created/destroyed, only moved around
A 
heat 
nuclear 
chemical 
gravitational kinetic 
radiation
53
Q

matter can hold chemical energy in …

solar energy is stored in the chemical bonds of …, which can be accessed by other organism

A

molecular bonds; sugar

54
Q

plants store sunlight energy in the form of

A

chemical energy

55
Q

carbon moves between trophic levels as one organism

A

consumes another

56
Q

photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O –>

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

57
Q

…: processes that move substances within ecosystems

A

internal fluxes

58
Q

…: plant/animal matter

A

biomass

59
Q

ecosystem pools can be … or …

A

sources; sinks

60
Q

….: a pool that releases more nutrients than it accepts –> short residence time
…: a pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases –> long residence time

A

source; sinks

61
Q

…/…: long term C sink

A

reservoir; trap

62
Q

…: C-storing natural feature (such as a forest or the land mass) that exchanges C with other reservoirs

A

reservoir

63
Q

… drive fluxes within and between pools

A

living organisms

64
Q

…: autotrophs that fix Co2 into organic carbon

A

primary producers

65
Q

…: heterotrophs that feed on primary producers

A

primary consumers

66
Q

…: largely fungi and bacteria in soil that feed on organic detritus

A

decomposers

67
Q

…: heterotrophs that feed on primary consumers

A

secondary consumers q

68
Q

fish and other secondary consumers move C through …

A

marine food webs

69
Q

bacteria … and, in turn, serve as food for many other organisms

A

decompose organic matter

70
Q

protists and small planktonic animals are primary consumers that feed on

A

primary producers

71
Q

in the open ocean, … and … are the major primary producers

A

planktonic algae; cyanobacteria

72
Q

In winter, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration –> atmospheric CO2 …
In summer, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration –> atmospheric CO2 …

A

less; rises; greater; falls

73
Q

climate feedbacks can be … and …

A

positive; negative

74
Q

global warming creates change and positive feedback … warming
negative feedback … warming

A

speeds up; slows down

75
Q

…: a leads to more of B, which in turn leads to more of A

A

positive feedback

76
Q

…: A leads to more of B, which in turn leads to less of A

A

negative feedback

77
Q

example of positive feedback is …:
the baby pushes against the cervix, causing it to stretch. stretching of the cervix causes nerve impulses to be sent to the brain. the brain stimulates the pituitary to release …, which causes the uterus to contract and the process repeats

A

birth; oxytocin

78
Q

example of negative feedback is …:

body temperature rises, body sweats more, body temperature drops

A

sweating

79
Q

another example of negative feedback: …
surface temp increases slightly –> increased evaporation from the oceans –> more low clouds in the atmosphere –> reflects more sunlight back into space –> surface temperature decreases slightly

A

clouds

80
Q

… can result in both positive and negative feedback loops

A

melting of the permafrost

81
Q

the greenhouse effect:
energy from the sun warms the earth
some of the solar energy is held by … in the atmosphere, some escapes back into …

A

greenhouse gases; space

82
Q

earth is about … degrees F

without the atmosphere it would be … degrees F

A

60; 0

83
Q

global climates have changed as much (or more) in the past, but we’re worried, bc for 650,000 years, atmospheric CO2 has never been above about … parts per million, but it started going above that amount in about 1950

A

300

84
Q

earth is … degrees warmer as of 2018 than mean temperature from 1950-1980
last ice age when on average … degrees cooler

A

1.5; 4

85
Q

the hottest year ever measured was

A

2016

86
Q 
changes seen in terms of climate change: 
... rise 
... rise 
warming ... 
... 
more ... 
100 yrs - ... inches
A 
sea level 
global temperature 
oceans 
shrinking ice sheets 
extreme events 
7
87
Q

the same extra heat that evaporates more water from the ocean, causing bigger downpours and floods, pulls moisture even more quickly from the soil, causing longer and deeper …

A

droughts

88
Q

photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O –>
respiration is in the opposite direction

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

89
Q

C reservoirs

… biological activity: photosynthesis and respiration nearly balance in the big picture
…: 750
… biological activity: as in the marine realm, photosynthesis and respiration on land are nearly but not quite in balance
… and …: 66,000,000-100,000,000

A

marine;
atmospheric reservoir
terrestrial
marine sediments; sedimentary rock reservoir

90
Q

…: non-renewable resources

A

fossil fuels

91
Q

petroleum and natural gas formation:
tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. over time they were covered by layers of silt and sand
over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. the enormous heat and pressure turned them into … and …
today we drill down through layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that contain … and …

A

oil; gas; oil; gas deposits

92
Q

what is the ultimate source of fossil energy?

nearly all power is … power

A

solar

93
Q

… creates atmospheric CO2, releasing trapped carbon from C reservoirs

A

combustion

94
Q

deforestation:
Adds CO2 to the atmosphere through the process of … (including ..)
less forests means less …

A

deforestation; burning

CO2 removed from the atmosphere

Eco Evo (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions