Quiz 3 and Final notes Flashcards
1
Q
Look at materials for …
A
online class
2
Q
…: different species that interact in a specific location
A
community
3
Q
…: all individuals of a species in a specific location
A
population
4
Q
…: individual
A
organism
5
Q
…: which species are present and in what quantities
A
community composition
6
Q
…: # of species
A
species richness
7
Q
…: # of individuals
A
abundance
8
Q
…: similarity of # of individuals of different species
A
species evenness
9
Q
…: relative abundance of different species
includes … and …
more diverse = more rich and more even
A
species diversity; richness; evenness
10
Q
what influences community composition?
…
…
A
ecological interactions
availability of energy
11
Q
… controls - on community composition
influenced by interactions
A
top-down
12
Q
… shape communities –> determine community composition
A
interactions
13
Q
… controls: on community composition
influenced by amount of energy available
A
bottom-up
14
Q
producers (autotrophs)
store … in the form of …
A
solar energy; chemical energy
15
Q
consumer (heterotroph)
gets energy by … that stores energy in ..
A
ingesting matter; chemical bonds (producers)
16
Q
types of heterotrophs: ... consumer ... consumer ... consumer ...
A
primary
secondary
tertiary
decomposers
17
Q
when consumers eat, they gain energy from the …
this is inefficient- it results in …
A
consumed organism; losses of energy
18
Q
(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at obtaining energy (amount of energy consumed relative to amount available)
A
ingestion (or consumption) efficiency
19
Q
(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at extracting energy from its food (amount assimilated relative to amount ingested) (vs. what is passed as feces, i.e. egested)
A
assimilation efficiency
20
Q
(energy efficiencies) …: overall efficiency with which food is converted to organism tissue; how much energy goes to growth relative to total amount assimilated (vs. what is lost to respiration)
A
production/growth efficiency
21
Q
factors affecting energy efficiencies: .. ... ... status ... scales with size
A
diet
temperature
physiological
metabolic rate
22
Q
energy transfers are highly inefficient bc energy is lost in …, as …
A
heat; waste
23
Q
from the base of plant productivity, about … of the biomass of each trophic level is passed on to the next-higher level
A
10%
24
Q
this flow of energy applies to any ecosystem:
sun to … to … to … and … to … and …
A
plants; herbivores; predators; parasitoids; predators; hyperparasitoids
25
total biomass = avg biomass of ... x ...
each individual; population size
26
...: shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level
pyramid of numbers
27
... of energy value of food passed along to next level of chain
10%
28
trophic levels can keep going, to tertiary consumers, then ... consumers. most communities do not go past tertiary consumers
quaternary
29
bottom-up controls: ... are the limiting factor
producers
30
...: organisms affect each other through an interaction:
predation (+/-)
competition (-/-)
mutualism (+/+)
direct interaction
31
...: organisms influence each other via other organisms
positive (+)
negative (-)
indirect interaction
32
```
interaction webs indicate:
... interactions
... interactions
..
... interactions
... interactions
```
```
predator-prey
competitive interaction
mutualisms
indirect positive
indirect negative
```
33
the composition of a community depends on both ... and ... controls
top-down; bottom-up
34
.... describe community composition and includes species richness, abundance, species evenness, and species diversity
biodiversity metrics
35
...: species that has a very large impact on their community, even though they may have a small population
keystone species
36
...: level in a food chain
| ...: removal of one species can cause a ripple effect through the community (food web)
trophic; trophic cascade
37
...: can lead to trophic cascades
indirect interactions
38
ecosystem = … + …
| energy … and ...
biotic; abiotic
| energy fluxes; nutrient cycling
39
…: the physical, chemical and biological actions or events that link organisms and their environment
ecosystem processes
40
physical environment affects the … and … of a biological community and profoundly influences … will be found there
structure; characteristics; what type of community
41
the biological community can alter the … of an ecosystem
physical characteristics
42
How do we define and describe ecosystems?
…
…
...
inputs
internal cycling pools
outputs
43
ecosystem pools:
… ...
...
atmosphere
aquatic
terrestrial
44
…: movement of elements/energy/materials between pools
flux
45
…% available freshwater
0.3
46
(water cycle) soil water/ground water is taken up by … and goes to the atmosphere as vapor via …, it is then precipitated, returning back to rivers lakes, wetland and oceans
ALSO:
water from rivers, lakes, wetlands, oceans can … to enter atmosphere as water vapor, and is then precipitated and reenters plants/soil via … and …/… flow returns it to rivers, lakes etc
plants; evapotranspiration;
| evaporate; infiltration; surface; ground water
47
what factors influence the rates of fluxes?
| ...
biological communities
48
…: pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms and the 3 pools of the physical environment
biogeochemical cycle
49
the … of elements/energy/material is always the same, but the quantity in different compartments varies
TOTAL quantity
50
…: something that occupies space and has mass, distinct from energy
matter
51
…: property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object
energy
52
```
some forms of energy:
..
…
..
…
…
…
neither created/destroyed, only moved around
```
```
heat
nuclear
chemical
gravitational kinetic
radiation
```
53
matter can hold chemical energy in …
| solar energy is stored in the chemical bonds of …, which can be accessed by other organism
molecular bonds; sugar
54
plants store sunlight energy in the form of
chemical energy
55
carbon moves between trophic levels as one organism
consumes another
56
photosynthesis equation:
| 6CO2 + 6H2O -->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
57
…: processes that move substances within ecosystems
internal fluxes
58
…: plant/animal matter
biomass
59
ecosystem pools can be … or …
sources; sinks
60
….: a pool that releases more nutrients than it accepts --> short residence time
…: a pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases --> long residence time
source; sinks
61
…/...: long term C sink
reservoir; trap
62
…: C-storing natural feature (such as a forest or the land mass) that exchanges C with other reservoirs
reservoir
63
… drive fluxes within and between pools
living organisms
64
…: autotrophs that fix Co2 into organic carbon
primary producers
65
…: heterotrophs that feed on primary producers
primary consumers
66
…: largely fungi and bacteria in soil that feed on organic detritus
decomposers
67
…: heterotrophs that feed on primary consumers
secondary consumers q
68
fish and other secondary consumers move C through ...
marine food webs
69
bacteria … and, in turn, serve as food for many other organisms
decompose organic matter
70
protists and small planktonic animals are primary consumers that feed on
primary producers
71
in the open ocean, … and … are the major primary producers
planktonic algae; cyanobacteria
72
In winter, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration --> atmospheric CO2 …
In summer, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration --> atmospheric CO2 ...
less; rises; greater; falls
73
climate feedbacks can be … and …
positive; negative
74
global warming creates change and positive feedback … warming
negative feedback … warming
speeds up; slows down
75
…: a leads to more of B, which in turn leads to more of A
positive feedback
76
…: A leads to more of B, which in turn leads to less of A
negative feedback
77
example of positive feedback is …:
the baby pushes against the cervix, causing it to stretch. stretching of the cervix causes nerve impulses to be sent to the brain. the brain stimulates the pituitary to release …, which causes the uterus to contract and the process repeats
birth; oxytocin
78
example of negative feedback is …:
| body temperature rises, body sweats more, body temperature drops
sweating
79
another example of negative feedback: …
surface temp increases slightly --> increased evaporation from the oceans --> more low clouds in the atmosphere --> reflects more sunlight back into space --> surface temperature decreases slightly
clouds
80
… can result in both positive and negative feedback loops
melting of the permafrost
81
the greenhouse effect:
energy from the sun warms the earth
some of the solar energy is held by ... in the atmosphere, some escapes back into ...
greenhouse gases; space
82
earth is about ... degrees F
| without the atmosphere it would be ... degrees F
60; 0
83
global climates have changed as much (or more) in the past, but we're worried, bc for 650,000 years, atmospheric CO2 has never been above about ... parts per million, but it started going above that amount in about 1950
300
84
earth is ... degrees warmer as of 2018 than mean temperature from 1950-1980
last ice age when on average ... degrees cooler
1.5; 4
85
the hottest year ever measured was
2016
86
```
changes seen in terms of climate change:
... rise
... rise
warming ...
...
more ...
100 yrs - ... inches
```
```
sea level
global temperature
oceans
shrinking ice sheets
extreme events
7
```
87
the same extra heat that evaporates more water from the ocean, causing bigger downpours and floods, pulls moisture even more quickly from the soil, causing longer and deeper ...
droughts
88
photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O -->
respiration is in the opposite direction
C6H12O6 + 6O2
89
C reservoirs
... biological activity: photosynthesis and respiration nearly balance in the big picture
...: 750
... biological activity: as in the marine realm, photosynthesis and respiration on land are nearly but not quite in balance
... and ...: 66,000,000-100,000,000
marine;
atmospheric reservoir
terrestrial
marine sediments; sedimentary rock reservoir
90
...: non-renewable resources
fossil fuels
91
petroleum and natural gas formation:
tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. over time they were covered by layers of silt and sand
over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. the enormous heat and pressure turned them into ... and ...
today we drill down through layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that contain ... and ...
oil; gas; oil; gas deposits
92
what is the ultimate source of fossil energy?
| nearly all power is ... power
solar
93
... creates atmospheric CO2, releasing trapped carbon from C reservoirs
combustion
94
deforestation:
Adds CO2 to the atmosphere through the process of ... (including ..)
less forests means less ...
deforestation; burning
| CO2 removed from the atmosphere
