Quiz 3 and Final notes Flashcards
Look at materials for …
online class
…: different species that interact in a specific location
community
…: all individuals of a species in a specific location
population
…: individual
organism
…: which species are present and in what quantities
community composition
…: # of species
species richness
…: # of individuals
abundance
…: similarity of # of individuals of different species
species evenness
…: relative abundance of different species
includes … and …
more diverse = more rich and more even
species diversity; richness; evenness
what influences community composition?
…
…
ecological interactions
availability of energy
… controls - on community composition
influenced by interactions
top-down
… shape communities –> determine community composition
interactions
… controls: on community composition
influenced by amount of energy available
bottom-up
producers (autotrophs)
store … in the form of …
solar energy; chemical energy
consumer (heterotroph)
gets energy by … that stores energy in ..
ingesting matter; chemical bonds (producers)
types of heterotrophs: ... consumer ... consumer ... consumer ...
primary
secondary
tertiary
decomposers
when consumers eat, they gain energy from the …
this is inefficient- it results in …
consumed organism; losses of energy
(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at obtaining energy (amount of energy consumed relative to amount available)
ingestion (or consumption) efficiency
(energy efficiencies) …: how good a consumer is at extracting energy from its food (amount assimilated relative to amount ingested) (vs. what is passed as feces, i.e. egested)
assimilation efficiency
(energy efficiencies) …: overall efficiency with which food is converted to organism tissue; how much energy goes to growth relative to total amount assimilated (vs. what is lost to respiration)
production/growth efficiency
factors affecting energy efficiencies: .. ... ... status ... scales with size
diet
temperature
physiological
metabolic rate
energy transfers are highly inefficient bc energy is lost in …, as …
heat; waste
from the base of plant productivity, about … of the biomass of each trophic level is passed on to the next-higher level
10%
this flow of energy applies to any ecosystem:
sun to … to … to … and … to … and …
plants; herbivores; predators; parasitoids; predators; hyperparasitoids
total biomass = avg biomass of … x …
each individual; population size
…: shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level
pyramid of numbers
… of energy value of food passed along to next level of chain
10%
trophic levels can keep going, to tertiary consumers, then … consumers. most communities do not go past tertiary consumers
quaternary
bottom-up controls: … are the limiting factor
producers
…: organisms affect each other through an interaction:
predation (+/-)
competition (-/-)
mutualism (+/+)
direct interaction
…: organisms influence each other via other organisms
positive (+)
negative (-)
indirect interaction
interaction webs indicate: ... interactions ... interactions .. ... interactions ... interactions
predator-prey competitive interaction mutualisms indirect positive indirect negative
the composition of a community depends on both … and … controls
top-down; bottom-up
…. describe community composition and includes species richness, abundance, species evenness, and species diversity
biodiversity metrics
…: species that has a very large impact on their community, even though they may have a small population
keystone species
…: level in a food chain
…: removal of one species can cause a ripple effect through the community (food web)
trophic; trophic cascade
…: can lead to trophic cascades
indirect interactions
ecosystem = … + …
energy … and …
biotic; abiotic
energy fluxes; nutrient cycling
…: the physical, chemical and biological actions or events that link organisms and their environment
ecosystem processes
physical environment affects the … and … of a biological community and profoundly influences … will be found there
structure; characteristics; what type of community
the biological community can alter the … of an ecosystem
physical characteristics
How do we define and describe ecosystems?
…
…
…
inputs
internal cycling pools
outputs
ecosystem pools:
… …
…
atmosphere
aquatic
terrestrial
…: movement of elements/energy/materials between pools
flux
…% available freshwater
0.3
(water cycle) soil water/ground water is taken up by … and goes to the atmosphere as vapor via …, it is then precipitated, returning back to rivers lakes, wetland and oceans
ALSO:
water from rivers, lakes, wetlands, oceans can … to enter atmosphere as water vapor, and is then precipitated and reenters plants/soil via … and …/… flow returns it to rivers, lakes etc
plants; evapotranspiration;
evaporate; infiltration; surface; ground water
what factors influence the rates of fluxes?
…
biological communities
…: pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms and the 3 pools of the physical environment
biogeochemical cycle
the … of elements/energy/material is always the same, but the quantity in different compartments varies
TOTAL quantity
…: something that occupies space and has mass, distinct from energy
matter
…: property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object
energy
some forms of energy: .. … .. … … … neither created/destroyed, only moved around
heat nuclear chemical gravitational kinetic radiation
matter can hold chemical energy in …
solar energy is stored in the chemical bonds of …, which can be accessed by other organism
molecular bonds; sugar
plants store sunlight energy in the form of
chemical energy
carbon moves between trophic levels as one organism
consumes another
photosynthesis equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O –>
C6H12O6 + 6O2
…: processes that move substances within ecosystems
internal fluxes
…: plant/animal matter
biomass
ecosystem pools can be … or …
sources; sinks
….: a pool that releases more nutrients than it accepts –> short residence time
…: a pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases –> long residence time
source; sinks
…/…: long term C sink
reservoir; trap
…: C-storing natural feature (such as a forest or the land mass) that exchanges C with other reservoirs
reservoir
… drive fluxes within and between pools
living organisms
…: autotrophs that fix Co2 into organic carbon
primary producers
…: heterotrophs that feed on primary producers
primary consumers
…: largely fungi and bacteria in soil that feed on organic detritus
decomposers
…: heterotrophs that feed on primary consumers
secondary consumers q
fish and other secondary consumers move C through …
marine food webs
bacteria … and, in turn, serve as food for many other organisms
decompose organic matter
protists and small planktonic animals are primary consumers that feed on
primary producers
in the open ocean, … and … are the major primary producers
planktonic algae; cyanobacteria
In winter, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration –> atmospheric CO2 …
In summer, the rate of photosynthesis is … than respiration –> atmospheric CO2 …
less; rises; greater; falls
climate feedbacks can be … and …
positive; negative
global warming creates change and positive feedback … warming
negative feedback … warming
speeds up; slows down
…: a leads to more of B, which in turn leads to more of A
positive feedback
…: A leads to more of B, which in turn leads to less of A
negative feedback
example of positive feedback is …:
the baby pushes against the cervix, causing it to stretch. stretching of the cervix causes nerve impulses to be sent to the brain. the brain stimulates the pituitary to release …, which causes the uterus to contract and the process repeats
birth; oxytocin
example of negative feedback is …:
body temperature rises, body sweats more, body temperature drops
sweating
another example of negative feedback: …
surface temp increases slightly –> increased evaporation from the oceans –> more low clouds in the atmosphere –> reflects more sunlight back into space –> surface temperature decreases slightly
clouds
… can result in both positive and negative feedback loops
melting of the permafrost
the greenhouse effect:
energy from the sun warms the earth
some of the solar energy is held by … in the atmosphere, some escapes back into …
greenhouse gases; space
earth is about … degrees F
without the atmosphere it would be … degrees F
60; 0
global climates have changed as much (or more) in the past, but we’re worried, bc for 650,000 years, atmospheric CO2 has never been above about … parts per million, but it started going above that amount in about 1950
300
earth is … degrees warmer as of 2018 than mean temperature from 1950-1980
last ice age when on average … degrees cooler
1.5; 4
the hottest year ever measured was
2016
changes seen in terms of climate change: ... rise ... rise warming ... ... more ... 100 yrs - ... inches
sea level global temperature oceans shrinking ice sheets extreme events 7
the same extra heat that evaporates more water from the ocean, causing bigger downpours and floods, pulls moisture even more quickly from the soil, causing longer and deeper …
droughts
photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O –>
respiration is in the opposite direction
C6H12O6 + 6O2
C reservoirs
… biological activity: photosynthesis and respiration nearly balance in the big picture
…: 750
… biological activity: as in the marine realm, photosynthesis and respiration on land are nearly but not quite in balance
… and …: 66,000,000-100,000,000
marine;
atmospheric reservoir
terrestrial
marine sediments; sedimentary rock reservoir
…: non-renewable resources
fossil fuels
petroleum and natural gas formation:
tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. over time they were covered by layers of silt and sand
over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. the enormous heat and pressure turned them into … and …
today we drill down through layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that contain … and …
oil; gas; oil; gas deposits
what is the ultimate source of fossil energy?
nearly all power is … power
solar
… creates atmospheric CO2, releasing trapped carbon from C reservoirs
combustion
deforestation:
Adds CO2 to the atmosphere through the process of … (including ..)
less forests means less …
deforestation; burning
CO2 removed from the atmosphere
