Lab 4

Question 1

…: the science of classifying living things according to shared features

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

carl Linnaeus formalized biological classification with his system of … that assigns each organism a genus and species name

Answer 2

binomial nomenclature

Question 3

identifying organisms has grown in importance as we monitor the biological effects of … and attempt to preserve … in the face of accelerating habitat destruction

Answer 3

global climate change; species diversity

Question 4

scientists agree that the yearly rate of extinction has increased from about … species per million to …-… species per million

Answer 4

1; 100-1000

Question 5

… allow non-experts to objectively identify species

Answer 5

DNA barcodes

Question 6

a DNA barcode is a … that identifies each living thing. short DNA barcodes, about 700 nucleotides in length, can be quickly processed from thousands of specimens and unambiguously analyzed by computer programs

Answer 6

unique pattern of DNA sequence

Question 7

the 10-year …, completed in 2010, provided the first comprehensive list of more than 190,000 marine species and identified 6000 potentially new species

Answer 7

census of marine life

Question 8

barcoding relies on …, highly … regions of the genome

Answer 8

short; variable

Question 9

a region of the chloroplast gene … is used for barcoding plants

Answer 9

rubisco large subunit

Question 10

a region of the mitochondrial gene … is used for barcoding animals

Answer 10

cytochrome c oxidase

Question 11

the genes used for barcoding are involved in the key reactions of life: storing … in … and releasing it to form ..

Answer 11

energy; carbs; ATP

Question 12

first, a sample of … is collected, preserving the specimen whenever possible and noting its … and …

Answer 12

tissue; geographical location; local environment

Question 13

DNA is extracted from a small sample and the barcode portion of the rbcL gene is amplified by … the amplified sequence is submitted for sequencing in one or both directions

Answer 13

PCR

Question 14

the sequencing results are then used to search a …

Answer 14

DNA database

Question 15

put sample into ziplock with a small amount of … to keep it fresh

Answer 15

salt

Question 16

(DNA extraction) …: the DNA is enclosed within the cell and nuclear membranes so the first step is to get the DNA out. Cells will be lyced. The sample will be macerated and then we will use a … to break up the lipids The enzyme … must be added to denature hydrolytic proteins and keep the DNA intact.

Answer 16

cell lysis; soapy lysis buffer (AP1); RNase A

Question 17

(DNA extraction) …: once you have removed the hydrolytic enzymes you can begin the DNA … process. In essence you will put the cellular components into a spin column to remove the DNA. The DNA sticks to a … across the column, the proteins and other cytoplasmic components pass through. this is accomplished by adding … and … to your solution

Answer 17

elimination of cellular debris; purification; membrane; ethanol; protein binding buffer

Question 18

(DNA extraction) elimination of cellular debris contd:
upon centrifugation, this protein precipitating solution will pass through the membrane that will attract the DNA and allow debris to pass through. two … steps follow this with the addition of buffers AW1 and AW2 to clean the DNA from remaining protein debris

Answer 18

wash

Question 19

(DNA extraction) 3. …: you will now remove the DNA from the matrix by adding an elution (…) buffer, buffer AE

Answer 19

DNA elution; removal