Quiz 1 notes Flashcards by Gail I

evidence of first life seen around … bya
… and … of the atmosphere around 3 bya
followed by presence of … around 2.7 bya
at around 2.5 bya there was the … event where O2 levels in rocks started to rise
at about <500 mya, … showed up followed by … and then ….

4; photosynthesis; oxygenation; eukaryotes; great oxygenation; land plants; dinosaurs; humans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

at around the time when earliest evidence of life came to be, earth was … than at the beginning, but still hot; the atmosphere lacked …, and there was no existing …

cooler; O2; land mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

logic behind LUCA: 
all known life exhibits: 
... 
similar machinery of ... and ... 
same basic ...

genetic code (DNA); replication; protein synthesis; metabolic rxns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in fossil record, the organisms appear in this order (1 being earliest):

1: …
2: ..
3: …
4: …
5: …
6: …

arthropods
fish
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mesozoic era: 250-65 million ya:
… climate
no … present yet

warm; polar ice caps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mesozoic includes …, …, and … periods and is defined by … at beginning and end of period

Triassic; Jurassic; cretaceous; mass extinctions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the mass extinction of the Mesozoic era that preceded dinosaurs has a cause that is still unknown: killed … life
may have been …, .., or … due to release of methane

marine; meteor; volcanoes; climate change

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

K-Pg boundary extinction killed …: 65 mya
…. (K)- … (Pg)
sudden mass extinction of about … of plant and animal species on Earth

dinosaurs; cretaceous; Paleogene; 3/4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

K-Pg boundary extinction caused by either a massive … or …: proven bc a crater was found, … brought about by this–> stopped photosynthesis and reduced O2 levels, 6-9 mi wide crater

comet; asteroid; impact winter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

def of mass extinction is one that eliminates at least ...% of all species. there have been five mass extinctions: 
..-..
... 
...-... 
..-...
...-...

O-S (Ordovician-Silurian)
late D (late Devonian) 
P-Tr (Permian-Triassic)
Tr-J (Triassic-Jurassic)
k-pg (cretaceous-Paleogene)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…% of all species that have ever lived have gone extinct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

background (natural) extinction rate: estimated by looking at the fossil record: on average, a species lasts about …-… million yrs before going extinct/evolving into a new species
with about 10M species, can predict 1-10 extinct/yr (rate = 0.0001%-0.00001% per year)

1-10

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

current observed extinction rate: for birds and mammals = …% per year. in other words, we would have predicted only 1 species of bird/mammal to go extinct over a period of 100 years but 1850-1950, we saw 100 species lost. so …% of extinctions due to human activities

.01; 99

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…: age of the mammals –> 65 mya- today

cenozoic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Precambrian period: lasted from the formation of the planet (about 4.6 bya) until the start of the … period (about 540 mya)
represents about … of earth’s history
end of Precambrian period marked by the …- the sudden diversification of multicellular life

Cambrian; 7/8; Cambrian explosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

all living organisms: 
are ..., ... structures made up of 1 or more cells
respond to ... in the environment
... 
... and ... 
... 
maintain ... (hemostasis = steady state) 
process ... for ... activities

organized; ordered; 
stimuli
reproduce
grow and develop
regulate internal functions
internal 
energy; metabolic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes for Cambrian explosion:
possibly bc of …/… changes
possibly that O2 temporarily crossed … leading to an arms race of predator vs. prey, allowing carnivores and their prey to evolve, diversifying organisms

adaptations; environmental; ecological thresholds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

not all organisms are equally likely to be preserved as fossils: organism’s … contributes
the organism has to be buried before it has the chance to …–> must be in location w/ a lot of …, typically near bodies of water, organism must lie in that area for long enough time and with enough …
high … and high … increase rate of decomposition, which is why there aren’t many organisms in tropical areas that are preserved as fossils

anatomy; decay; sediments; pressure; humidity; temperatures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…. is a fatal fungal disease for hibernating bats. bats roost in colonies of 100-1000 individuals

white nose syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

… science: “pure science”; seeks to expand knowledge regardless o the short term application of that knowledge
… science: aimed to solve real world problems

basic; applied

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

… hypotheses both hypothesize some effect, whereas a … hypothesis hypothesizes no difference

alternative; null

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

descriptive statistics relates to … and ….

inferential statistics involves …

central tendency; variability; t-test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

… measures how far a set of random numbers are spread out from their mean

variance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…: quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values

standard deviation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…: serves as a baseline to compare your experimental results to. the one that "gets" the treatment. this group helps us figure out what … the independent variable had on the results

control group; kind of effect

we select a … from the population and then … from this group to the population

sample; generalize conclusions

a … will tell u whether or not sample means are significantly different

t-test

p-value: calculated from the data and is the probability that the set of events ...

occurred by chance

p value is the probability that our … is true and that our … are the same

null hypothesis; two distributions

levels of organization: | … to … to … to … to … to individual

biosphere; biome; ecosystem; community; population

…: all individuals of a species in a specific location

population

…: number of individuals | …: area (quantity and/or location) of where they are found

size; range

… yrs to reach 1 billion people but then … yrs to reach 7 billion people

200,000; 200

``` which factors influence the size of a population: … (+) … (-) … (+) … (-) ```

births deaths immigration emigration

how do populations change over time? | …

r = (delta N/ delta t) / N1

r = … delta N = change in … delta t = change in … N1 = …

intrinsic growth rate; population size; time; original population size

…: even when per capita growth rate remains constant as population size increases, number of new individuals added per time unit … all populations have the potential for …

exponential growth; increases; explosive growth

``` why do we care about population growth? ...availability … … … … … … … ```

``` water hunger disease pollution carbon emissions extinctions of other species poverty equity ```

on average, the human population growth rate is … but yet, the population is still ...

decreasing; growing exponentially

factors that influence human birth rates: … … access to … (including …)

education equality for women health care; reproductive health care

dN/dt = rN --> … | real populations cannot maintain … for long

biotic potential; exponential growth

K = number of individuals of any particular species that can be supported in an environment ...

indefinitely

K = ...

carrying capacity

logistic growth: dN/dt = rN growth stops when ...

N = K

logistic growth can be modeled by adding a term for carrying capacity to the exponential growth equation: … this term is called …

(K - N)/K; environmental resistance

…: all alleles present in all individuals in a species

gene pool

geological time scale: … --> … --> …

eras; periods; epics

… = number of individuals with a genotype/ total number of individuals in a population

genotype frequency

phenotypic variation can either be environmental or genetic environmental takes place on the … and is … genetic variation is ...

individual; not heritable; heritable

(sources of genetic variation) … ( in sexual reproduction): the process of making haploid gametes in which the combination of alleles that are placed into a given gamete could be any combination of those possessed by the diploid parent

random assortment

(sources of genetic variation) | … lead to variation

mutations

(sources of genetic variation) types of mutation: … mutations: subcategories of this: … substitution and … mutations

point; base; frameshift

(sources of genetic variation) mutations can lead to a faulty protein --> … mutation it can lead to an incomplete protein with an early stop codon --> … mutation there can be mutations with no effect --> … mutation and normal proteins are called …

missense; nonsense; silent; wild type

mutations lead to phenotypic variation through changes in …, which can result in changes to … and changes to …

gene expression; physical characteristics; gene regulation

``` somatic mutations: occur in … tissues and cannot be … germline mutations: present in … or … can be … cause cancer family syndrome ```

nongermline; inherited; egg; sperm; inherited

every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates … - … new mutations for humans at birth (germline for parents), about one mutation occurs for every … base pairs --> about … base pairs, which means about …. mutations per person

100; 200; 30 million base pairs; 3 billion; 100

(sources of genetic variation) ..: during meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) can exchange DNA in a process called ...

recombination; crossing over

recombination shuffles mutations to produce new

sequences

gene flow = ...

migration

evolution is change in … of biological populations over successive generations

heritable traits

evolution = change … of a population over time

allele frequencies

…: population is not evolving

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

``` assumptions of hardy Weinberg: no … no … no … … … ```

``` selection mutation migration large population random mating ```

mutation increases … and generates … for other evolutionary processes (e.g. natural selection, drift)

genetic diversity; raw material

where do mutations come from? rarely from the .. mostly from … errors occur about every … copies

environment; DNA copy mistakes; 1 billion

gene flow (migration): can increase genetic diversity in a population with … can decrease genetic diversity in a population as ...

new immigrants; emigrants leave

…: random change in allele frequencies --> … form of evolution

genetic drift; non adaptive

drift is less dramatic in … populations

large

genetic drift: changes in allele/genotype frequencies due to …

chance

…: an event that drastically reduces the size of a population

population bottleneck

examples of events causing a bottleneck: … … …

natural disaster overhunting habitat destruction

…: a new colony or population is started by a subset of the original population

founder effect

genetic result TYPICALLY … variation and is a random process not operating on ...

decreases; fitness

founder events and bottlenecks result in genetic drift because they end with a much smaller … and allele frequencies vary more … in small populations

population; rapidly

…: a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms that bear it

adaptation

if an ... is advantageous for the individual in terms of … and/or …, it will become more common in the population over time by natural selection

allele; survival; reproduction

requirements for natural selection: … … (Survival and Repro) traits must be …

variation differential success inherited

…: emphasizes genetic basis of evolution

modern synthesis

natural selection results in … fluctuations in allele frequencies

non random

deer mice: Mc1r gene influences … via the production of … dark hair produced by high levels of … ( a pigment). light hair has lower levels of this 2 alleles: MR -wild type- … levels of eumelanin Mc - mutant- … production of eumelanin

coat color; pigment; eumelanin; regular; reduced

…: measure to which an individual's genotype is represented in the next generation

fitness

lava rocks in both Arizona and New Mexico | rock pocket mice show similar patterns of ..

selection

… selects against the extremes … selects against one of the two extremes … selects against the mean

stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection

bacteria: … single celled … cell wall virus: small infectious agent has … genome packaged in a ..

prokaryotes; peptidoglycan; nucleic acid; protein coat

antibiotics simply become less effective when mutated (resistant) bacteria … and. ..

survive and reproduce

stronger antibiotics are needed to kill …

now resistant populations

mutations occur regardless; mutations persist when they confer a … in the face of antibiotics

selective advantage of resistance

when prescribed antibiotics, must take entire treatment otherwise can ...

confer resistance

natural selection results in changes in … depending on whether the allele benefits or harms the survival and reproduction of an organism

allele frequency

types of selection: based on changes in allele frequency …: increasing frequency of a beneficial allele (an allele that confers an increase in fitness to an individual that has it)

positive

types of selection: …: decreasing frequency of a deleterious allele (an allele that results in a reduction in fitness to an individual that has it)

negative

types of selection: | …: maintains two or more alleles in a population

balancing

advantages of normal RBC: good at … advantages of sickle cells: … disadvantages of normal RBC: susceptible to … disadvantages of sickle cells: ...

carrying oxygen; resistant to malaria; malaria; blood clots

complete dominance: … genotypes … phenotypes

three; two

incomplete dominance: … genotypes … phenotypes

three; three

selection acts upon …, which are controlled y genes, so selection changes genotype and allele frequencies

phenotypes

fitness = … x … | importance of reproduction is … to survival in terms of selection

survival; reproduction; equal

…: special case of natural selection; it acts on an organism's ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate

sexual selection

types of sexual selection: … and ...

Intrasexual; intersexual

… (biological) = biological trait determined by specific sex chromosomes inherited from both parents female: only … chromosomes (with some exceptions) male: includes presence of a … chromosome (with some exceptions)

sex; X; Y

… = socially, culturally and personally defined --> exists on a continuum; not biologically defined

gender

… selection: competition among members of the same sex for reproductive access

Intrasexual

… selection: members of one sex choose members of the opposite sex to mate with based on traits

intersexual

what evolution isn't: …: animals evolve because they 'want' or 'need to' --> change in an individual's lifetime natural selection: survival of the ...

Lamarckism; fittest