Additional Notes for Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bedbugs might be …

A

speciating

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2
Q

benthic sticklebacks:
Habitat: … of the lake
food preference: … larvae, …, …, bottom …

A

bottom;

dragonfly; worms clams; macroinvertebrates

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3
Q

benthic sticklebacks:

anatomy: 2 .. on back, larger …, less …
mating: … zone, build … and …, …, care for …

A

spikes; heads; armored

benthic; nest; guard females; colors; eggs

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4
Q

limnetic sticklebacks:
habitat: …, …/…
food preference: …

A

open waters; surface; edges;

zooplankton

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5
Q

limnetic sticklebacks:

anatomy: … on back, … heads, more …
mating: … zone, build … and guard …, …, care for …

A

3 spikes; smaller; armored;

benthic; nest; females; eggs

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6
Q

…: zones where two previously isolated populations are in the same location and interbreed

A

hybrid zones

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7
Q

the formation of a hybrid zone has three possible outcomes:
…: results in 2 species
…: results in 1 species
…: results in 2 species + hybrid (hybrid limited to the ..)

A

reinforcement
fusion
stability; hybrid zone

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8
Q

hypotheses about sticklebacks:
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from a …
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from … ancestral species, one of which arrived in Paxton Lake … after the first

A

single ancestral species

two different; some time

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9
Q

…: formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location

A

sympatric

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10
Q

sympatric speciation via specialization:
natural selection eliminates medium-billed birds in an enviro with no medium-sized seeds, and favors small-billed birds and large-billed birds in response to the availability of small/large seeds
…, if strong enough and sustained enough, may eventually lead to sympatric speciation

A

disruptive selection

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11
Q

… selection: selection favoring more “extreme” individuals can lead to speciation as individuals occupy different ecological niches esp if mating within each extreme is more common than mating between extremes

A

disruptive selection

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12
Q

sympatric modes of reproductive isolation
pre-zygotic:
…, …, and … (niche)

A

behavior; temporal; ecological

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13
Q

speciation:
parental pop splits, producing two “…” populations that are geographically isolated from each other
different … accumulate separately in each population
the extent of genetic divergence is a function of …

A

daughter; mutations; time since isolation

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14
Q

…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

A

phylogenetic tree

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15
Q

how does migration/gene flow affect the evolution of a population?
…:gene flow reduces variation between two species

A

homogenization

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16
Q

…: … of relationships among species/groups of species

A

phylogeny; hypothesis

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17
Q

…: process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species to a multitude of new forms

A

adaptive radiation

18
Q

speciation on an archipelago:
a few individuals of a species on the mainland reached isolated island 1. speciation follows genetic divergence in a new habitat
later in time, a few individuals of the new species colonize … in this new habitat, speciation follows genetic divergence
speciation may also follow colonization of islands … and … and it may follow … of island by a genetically different descendant of the ancestral specie

A

island 2;

3; 4; invasion

19
Q

adaptive radiations are common on …

A

island chains

20
Q

…: speciation with no gene flow between diverging populations

A

allopatric

21
Q

dispersal with small new population: … speciation
in this type of speciation, the ancestral population seeds a small peripheral population (e.g. on an island), divergence occurs over time, but most of the change accumulates in the … population
acts like a … event

A

peripatric; small; founder

22
Q

why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?

founder events can lead to …

A

peripatric speciation

23
Q

why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?

sympatric speciation can occur as species evolve to …

A

fill different (empty) niches

24
Q

convergent evolution of niches by Anoles as a result of … on different islands

A

sympatric speciation

25
how are phylogenetic trees made? use evidence of ...: shared traits --> ..., ..., ... shared ...
relatedness; morphology; fossils; behaviors genes
26
...: a shared, defining trait of a monophyletic group (clade)
synapomorphy
27
synapomorphies can also be different ...
alleles
28
...: when two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other at the same time
cospeciation
29
``` what a phylogeny can depict: … between organisms … (life on earth) the history of … the … of a group ```
relationships time traits biogeographic history
30
…: an ancestral line; a line of descent; lineage; family tree
pedigree
31
…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
phylogenetic tree
32
time on a phylogenetic tree always goes from … of tree to ...
root; branch tips
33
…: a sequence of species or individuals that have descended from its predecessor
lineage
34
…: a point on a phylogeny where a single ancestral lineage breaks into two or more descendant lineages
node
35
the … found in a phylogenetic tree hypothesizes the evolutionary relationship within a group
branching order
36
…-plural (.. - singular) | scientific classification should represent …. r
taxa; taxon | evolutionary relationships
37
…: a group of species/populations/individuals that is derived from the same common ancestor. includes the ancestor and all its descendants
monophyletic
38
…: monophyletic group | group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants
clade
39
a ... group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
paraphyletic
40
a ... group does not include the common ancestor
polyphyletic
41
… species are species that are more closely related to each other than to any other species … groups are groups that are more closely related to each other than to any other group
sister; sister
42
species that share a … are more closely related than species that share a more distant common ancestor
more recent common ancestor