Additional Notes for Exam 2

Question 1

bedbugs might be …

Answer 1

speciating

Question 2

benthic sticklebacks:
Habitat: … of the lake
food preference: … larvae, …, …, bottom …

Answer 2

bottom;

dragonfly; worms clams; macroinvertebrates

Question 3

benthic sticklebacks:

anatomy: 2 .. on back, larger …, less …
mating: … zone, build … and …, …, care for …

Answer 3

spikes; heads; armored

benthic; nest; guard females; colors; eggs

Question 4

limnetic sticklebacks:
habitat: …, …/…
food preference: …

Answer 4

open waters; surface; edges;

zooplankton

Question 5

limnetic sticklebacks:

anatomy: … on back, … heads, more …
mating: … zone, build … and guard …, …, care for …

Answer 5

3 spikes; smaller; armored;

benthic; nest; females; eggs

Question 6

…: zones where two previously isolated populations are in the same location and interbreed

Answer 6

hybrid zones

Question 7

the formation of a hybrid zone has three possible outcomes:
…: results in 2 species
…: results in 1 species
…: results in 2 species + hybrid (hybrid limited to the ..)

Answer 7

reinforcement
fusion
stability; hybrid zone

Question 8

hypotheses about sticklebacks:
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from a …
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from … ancestral species, one of which arrived in Paxton Lake … after the first

Answer 8

single ancestral species

two different; some time

Question 9

…: formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location

Answer 9

sympatric

Question 10

sympatric speciation via specialization:
natural selection eliminates medium-billed birds in an enviro with no medium-sized seeds, and favors small-billed birds and large-billed birds in response to the availability of small/large seeds
…, if strong enough and sustained enough, may eventually lead to sympatric speciation

Answer 10

disruptive selection

Question 11

… selection: selection favoring more “extreme” individuals can lead to speciation as individuals occupy different ecological niches esp if mating within each extreme is more common than mating between extremes

Answer 11

disruptive selection

Question 12

sympatric modes of reproductive isolation
pre-zygotic:
…, …, and … (niche)

Answer 12

behavior; temporal; ecological

Question 13

speciation:
parental pop splits, producing two “…” populations that are geographically isolated from each other
different … accumulate separately in each population
the extent of genetic divergence is a function of …

Answer 13

daughter; mutations; time since isolation

Question 14

…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Answer 14

phylogenetic tree

Question 15

how does migration/gene flow affect the evolution of a population?
…:gene flow reduces variation between two species

Answer 15

homogenization

Question 16

…: … of relationships among species/groups of species

Answer 16

phylogeny; hypothesis

Question 17

…: process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species to a multitude of new forms

Answer 17

adaptive radiation

Question 18

speciation on an archipelago:
a few individuals of a species on the mainland reached isolated island 1. speciation follows genetic divergence in a new habitat
later in time, a few individuals of the new species colonize … in this new habitat, speciation follows genetic divergence
speciation may also follow colonization of islands … and … and it may follow … of island by a genetically different descendant of the ancestral specie

Answer 18

island 2;

3; 4; invasion

Question 19

adaptive radiations are common on …

Answer 19

island chains

Question 20

…: speciation with no gene flow between diverging populations

Answer 20

allopatric

Question 21

dispersal with small new population: … speciation
in this type of speciation, the ancestral population seeds a small peripheral population (e.g. on an island), divergence occurs over time, but most of the change accumulates in the … population
acts like a … event

Answer 21

peripatric; small; founder

Question 22

why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?

founder events can lead to …

Answer 22

peripatric speciation

Question 23

why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?

sympatric speciation can occur as species evolve to …

Answer 23

fill different (empty) niches

Question 24

convergent evolution of niches by Anoles as a result of … on different islands

Answer 24

sympatric speciation

Question 25

how are phylogenetic trees made?
use evidence of …:
shared traits –> …, …, …
shared …

Answer 25

relatedness;
morphology; fossils; behaviors
genes

Question 26

…: a shared, defining trait of a monophyletic group (clade)

Answer 26

synapomorphy

Question 27

synapomorphies can also be different …

Answer 27

alleles

Question 28

…: when two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other at the same time

Answer 28

cospeciation

Question 29

what a phylogeny can depict: 
… between organisms 
… (life on earth)
the history of … 
the … of a group

Answer 29

relationships
time
traits
biogeographic history

Question 30

…: an ancestral line; a line of descent; lineage; family tree

Answer 30

pedigree

Question 31

…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Answer 31

phylogenetic tree

Question 32

time on a phylogenetic tree always goes from … of tree to …

Answer 32

root; branch tips

Question 33

…: a sequence of species or individuals that have descended from its predecessor

Answer 33

lineage

Question 34

…: a point on a phylogeny where a single ancestral lineage breaks into two or more descendant lineages

Answer 34

node

Question 35

the … found in a phylogenetic tree hypothesizes the evolutionary relationship within a group

Answer 35

branching order

Question 36

…-plural (.. - singular)

scientific classification should represent …. r

Answer 36

taxa; taxon

evolutionary relationships

Question 37

…: a group of species/populations/individuals that is derived from the same common ancestor. includes the ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 37

monophyletic

Question 38

…: monophyletic group

group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 38

clade

Question 39

a … group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Answer 39

paraphyletic

Question 40

a … group does not include the common ancestor

Answer 40

polyphyletic

Question 41

… species are species that are more closely related to each other than to any other species
… groups are groups that are more closely related to each other than to any other group

Answer 41

sister; sister

Question 42

species that share a … are more closely related than species that share a more distant common ancestor

Answer 42

more recent common ancestor