Additional Notes for Exam 2 Flashcards
bedbugs might be …
speciating
benthic sticklebacks:
Habitat: … of the lake
food preference: … larvae, …, …, bottom …
bottom;
dragonfly; worms clams; macroinvertebrates
benthic sticklebacks:
anatomy: 2 .. on back, larger …, less …
mating: … zone, build … and …, …, care for …
spikes; heads; armored
benthic; nest; guard females; colors; eggs
limnetic sticklebacks:
habitat: …, …/…
food preference: …
open waters; surface; edges;
zooplankton
limnetic sticklebacks:
anatomy: … on back, … heads, more …
mating: … zone, build … and guard …, …, care for …
3 spikes; smaller; armored;
benthic; nest; females; eggs
…: zones where two previously isolated populations are in the same location and interbreed
hybrid zones
the formation of a hybrid zone has three possible outcomes:
…: results in 2 species
…: results in 1 species
…: results in 2 species + hybrid (hybrid limited to the ..)
reinforcement
fusion
stability; hybrid zone
hypotheses about sticklebacks:
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from a …
benthic and limnetic sticklebacks evolved in Paxton from … ancestral species, one of which arrived in Paxton Lake … after the first
single ancestral species
two different; some time
…: formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location
sympatric
sympatric speciation via specialization:
natural selection eliminates medium-billed birds in an enviro with no medium-sized seeds, and favors small-billed birds and large-billed birds in response to the availability of small/large seeds
…, if strong enough and sustained enough, may eventually lead to sympatric speciation
disruptive selection
… selection: selection favoring more “extreme” individuals can lead to speciation as individuals occupy different ecological niches esp if mating within each extreme is more common than mating between extremes
disruptive selection
sympatric modes of reproductive isolation
pre-zygotic:
…, …, and … (niche)
behavior; temporal; ecological
speciation:
parental pop splits, producing two “…” populations that are geographically isolated from each other
different … accumulate separately in each population
the extent of genetic divergence is a function of …
daughter; mutations; time since isolation
…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
phylogenetic tree
how does migration/gene flow affect the evolution of a population?
…:gene flow reduces variation between two species
homogenization
…: … of relationships among species/groups of species
phylogeny; hypothesis
…: process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species to a multitude of new forms
adaptive radiation
speciation on an archipelago:
a few individuals of a species on the mainland reached isolated island 1. speciation follows genetic divergence in a new habitat
later in time, a few individuals of the new species colonize … in this new habitat, speciation follows genetic divergence
speciation may also follow colonization of islands … and … and it may follow … of island by a genetically different descendant of the ancestral specie
island 2;
3; 4; invasion
adaptive radiations are common on …
island chains
…: speciation with no gene flow between diverging populations
allopatric
dispersal with small new population: … speciation
in this type of speciation, the ancestral population seeds a small peripheral population (e.g. on an island), divergence occurs over time, but most of the change accumulates in the … population
acts like a … event
peripatric; small; founder
why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?
founder events can lead to …
peripatric speciation
why are adaptive radiations common on island chains?
sympatric speciation can occur as species evolve to …
fill different (empty) niches
convergent evolution of niches by Anoles as a result of … on different islands
sympatric speciation
how are phylogenetic trees made?
use evidence of …:
shared traits –> …, …, …
shared …
relatedness;
morphology; fossils; behaviors
genes
…: a shared, defining trait of a monophyletic group (clade)
synapomorphy
synapomorphies can also be different …
alleles
…: when two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other at the same time
cospeciation
what a phylogeny can depict: … between organisms … (life on earth) the history of … the … of a group
relationships
time
traits
biogeographic history
…: an ancestral line; a line of descent; lineage; family tree
pedigree
…: diagram of evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
phylogenetic tree
time on a phylogenetic tree always goes from … of tree to …
root; branch tips
…: a sequence of species or individuals that have descended from its predecessor
lineage
…: a point on a phylogeny where a single ancestral lineage breaks into two or more descendant lineages
node
the … found in a phylogenetic tree hypothesizes the evolutionary relationship within a group
branching order
…-plural (.. - singular)
scientific classification should represent …. r
taxa; taxon
evolutionary relationships
…: a group of species/populations/individuals that is derived from the same common ancestor. includes the ancestor and all its descendants
monophyletic
…: monophyletic group
group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants
clade
a … group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
paraphyletic
a … group does not include the common ancestor
polyphyletic
… species are species that are more closely related to each other than to any other species
… groups are groups that are more closely related to each other than to any other group
sister; sister
species that share a … are more closely related than species that share a more distant common ancestor
more recent common ancestor
